BIOB11H3 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Tandem Repeat, Globin, Intron

56 views6 pages

viridiansquirrel768

31 Jan 2019

School

Department

Course

Professor

For unlimited access to Class Notes, a Class+ subscription is required.

Document Summary

The human genome evolved to where it is now through: May be good or bad for the organism. Relatively slow and involve single base changes. Hemoglobin is a tetramer composed of 4 globin polypeptides. The two copies then diverged by mutation to create one globin gene including the subtypes located on a single chromosome (step 4). Lecture 2 - genome evolution and polymorphisms they are then thought to have been separated from each other and moved onto separate chromosomes (step 5). Each gene then underwent multiple duplications and divergences = arrangement of globin genes seen in humans. Pseudogenes: some of the genes were homologous to those of functional globin genes but have too many mutations and are now non-functional. Before birth, there are many more beta globin genes vs. alpha, however at adulthood it is. 50/50 if a mutation lies in a promoter region or coding region of hemoglobin gene = slight difference in o2 carrying capacity.

Related Questions

1. Chromosome morphology types include

: A. telocentric, in which the telomere is near one end of thechromosome. B. metacentric, in which the centromere is near one endof the chromosome. C. paracentric, in which the telomere issomewhat off center. D. telocentric, in which the centromere isnear one end of the chromosome. E. None of the above.

2. A karyotype is

: A. the set of chromosomes of an individual. B. 23 pairs. C. 46chromosomes. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

3. Mutations that affect chromosome structure include all of thefollowing EXCEPT

: A. duplication. B. deletion. C. inversion. D. translation. E.Actually, all of these are mutations that affect chromosomestructure.

4.Duplications can have all of the following effects EXCEPT

: A. providing material for genetic variation and innovation. B.looping out of chromosomes during meiosis. C. novel phenotypes dueto dosage variation. D. suppression of crossing over. E. Actually,all of these can be effects of duplications.

5. Inversions:

A. include paracentric inversions, which include the centromere.B. include pericentric inversions, which do not include thecentromere. C. suppress crossing over in the inverted areas. D.usually lead to dicentric bridges. E. All of the above.

6. Translocations:

A. include reciprocal translocations, in which exchange ofchromosomal parts occurs. B. include nonreciprocal translocations,in which one chromosome donates material to another. C. suppresscrossing over in the case of reciprocal exchanges. D. can involveloss of material, as in Robertsonian translocations. E. All of theabove.

7. Unequal crossing over often leads to

: A. duplications. B. deletions. C. translocations. D. A and B.E. All of the above.

8. Aneuploidy includes all of the following EXCEPT:

A. nullisomy. B. monosomy. C. trisomy. D. tetrasomy. E.Actually, all of these are forms of anueploidy.

9. While anueploidy is a change in the number of chromosomes,polyploidy is:

A. a change in the number of sets of chromosomes. B. a change inthe structure of the chromosomes. C. an increase in the rate ofrecombination. D. an increase in the rate of mutation. E. None ofthe above.

10. Polyploidy includes:

A. autopolyploidy, which doubles the chromosome set as a resultof mitotic failure. B. autopolyploidy, which doubles the chromosomeset as a result of meiotic failure. C. allopolyploidy, whichdoubles the chromosome set as a result of meiotic failure. D. A andB. E. All of the above.

silverwolf483

___1. Nationally, the most common cause of Down Syndrome is
a. nondisjunction of Chromosome 21 during meiosis
b. translocation of Chromosome 21 onto another chromosome
c. inversion of a large section of Chromosome 21
d. deletion of the Down Syndrome gene
___2. In humans, sex is determined by
a. The presence or absence of the Y chromosome
b. The ratio of X chromosomes to sets of autosomes
c. The temperature during fetal development
d. Which parent is stronger at the time of conception
___3. A translocation is
a. a chromosomal abnormality in which a piece of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to a different chromosome
b. an abnormality in which the chromosomes are translocated out of the nucleus
c. a condition in which the chromosome has broken in two places and come back together with the middle segment backward
d. an abnormality in which there is an extra copy of one chromosome
___ 4. In snapdragons, a red-flowered plant crossed with a white-flowered plant produces all pink-flowered offspring. But crossing two pink-flowered plants produces red, pink, and white in a 1:2:1 ratio. This is a good example of
a. Incomplete dominance
b. Dominance of the red allele over the white allele
c. Lethal effects of the pink allele
d. Sex-linkage of the flower-color alleles
___ 5. If a person with type AB blood marries a person with Type O blood, what blood types are possible in their children? (Assume this trait is a single-gene trait, not complicated by interaction with other genes).
a. A, B, AB, or O
b. A or B only
c. AB or O only
d. AB only 2
___6. In what phase of meiosis are haploid nuclei first formed? a. Anaphase I b. Metaphase II c. Telophase II d. Metaphase I e. Telophase I
___7. What is the phenotype of a heterozygous tall pea plant? a. tall b. Tt c. TT d. tt e. dominant
___ 8. If genes A and B are far apart on a chromosome, and A and C are close together, which of the following observations is expected?
a. Crossing over will occur more often between A and C than between A and B
b. Crossing over will occur at equal frequencies between A and C, and between A and B
c. Crossing over will occur more often between A and B than between A and C
___9. Sometimes an organismâs genotype for one gene masks the effect of a different gene. This phenomenon is called
a. Dominance
b. Incomplete dominance
c. Co-dominance
d. Epistasis
e. Variable expressivity
___10. The dominant allele of a gene is
a. The one that is expressed most often in a population
b. The one that is expressed most often in any particular cross
c. The one that is expressed in an individual that has two different alleles
d. The one that is most healthy to have, that gives the greatest fitness
___11. In human cells, DNA replication occurs
a. In S phase of interphase
b. In G1 phase of interphase
c. In G2 phase of interphase
d. In prophase of mitosis
e. Whenever the cell needs to read the DNA to make proteins
___ 12. A process in which recipient cells take up genes from DNA molecules floating free in the surrounding medium is called
a. conjugation
b. specialized transduction
c. generalized transduction
d. transformation 3
___ 13. Most calico cats are female. However, a few rare males are observed. What is the genotype of a male calico cat?
a. X BX 0
b. X OY
c. X BY
d. X BYY
e. X BX OY
___ 14. A type of red-green color-blindness is a sex-linked (X-linked) recessive trait in humans. Can a woman have this type of color-blindness?
a. Yes, a woman could be color-blind if her mother and father were both heterozygous.
b. Yes, a woman could be color-blind but only if she has an abnormal number of sex chromosomes.
c. No, women can't show sex-linked traits because they lack a Y chromosome.
d. No, women can't show sex-linked traits because they have two X chromosomes.
e. Yes, a woman could be color-blind if her father was color-blind and her mother was a carrier (heterozygous).

1. Characters that show a continuous range of variation, such as height and eye color, usually are controlled:

a.	by a single gene with two alleles that are codominant.

b.	by many genes with an additive effect.

c.	by epistatic interactions between two genes.

d.	mainly by the environment, with only a small genetic component.

2. In humans, red-green colorblindness is inherited as a sex-linked recessive trait. In order for a woman to be red-green colorblind, which of the following statements must be true.

a.	Her mother must be red-green colorblind.

b.	All of her brothers must be red-green colorblind.

c.	Her father must be red-green colorblind.

d.	All of the above statements must be true if a woman is red-green colorblind.

3. The x-ray crystallography data collected by Rosalind Franklin suggested to Watson and Crick that the:

a.	structure of DNA is a double helix.

b.	two strands of the DNA molecule are joined by hydrogen bonds between the bases.

c.	four bases within DNA pair in a specific way.

d.	two strands of the DNA molecule are joined by covalent bonds between the bases.

4. In the genetic code, _________ one amino acid.

a.	one nucleotide specifies

b.	two nucleotides specify

c.	three nucleotides specify

d.	four nucleotides specify

5. During Meiosis I, a homologous pair of chromosomes may not separate, resulting in daughter cells that have extra chromosomes or are missing chromosomes. This can lead to genetic disorders, including Down Syndrome. This phenomenon is called:

a.	independent assortment.

b.	nondisjunction.

c.	segregation.

d.	crossing over.

6. You are a human geneticist studying the incidence of retinitis pigmentosa in the residents of Tristan de Cunha, a group of small islands in the middle of the southern Atlantic Ocean. The allele for retinitis pigmentosa, which causes a form of blindness, is inherited as an autosomal recessive. You have determined that the frequency of this allele (r) in the population is 0.4 (40%). Using the principles of the Hardy-Weinberg rule, you would estimate the frequency of individuals who are heterozygous for this allele (Rr) in the population to be:

a.	0.16 (16%)

b.	0.24 (24%)

c.	0.36 (36%)

d.	0.48 (48%)

7. Natural selection acts at the level of the:

a.	phenotype.

gene.

c.	population.

d.	nucleotide.

8. You are working with pea plants, trying to recreate the experiments that Mendel performed. You are doing a dihybrid cross with a plant that is heterozygous for both seed shape and seed color, with the genotype RrYy. Which allelic combinations would you expect to find in the gametes produced by this plant?

a.	This plant would produce only RY and ry gametes.

b.	This plant would produce only RrYy gametes.

c.	This plant would produce RY, Ry, rY, and ry gametes.

d.	You cannot determine which gametes this plant can produce without knowing the genotypes of its parents.

9. Biochemist Erwin Chargaff found that in DNA there is a special relationship between the four bases that we now call Chargaff's rule. His observation was that, in an organism's genome the:

a.	percentage of A nucleotides = the percentage of T nucleotides, and the percentage of C nucleotides = the percentage of G nucleotides.

b.	four bases all occur in an equal frequency (25%) within each organism.

c.	percentage of A nucleotides = the percentage of G nucleotides, and the percentage of C nucleotides = the percentage of T nucleotides.

d.	genetic material is composed of proteins, not DNA.

10. During DNA replication:

a.	each strand of the double helix acts as a template for the synthesis of a new strand.

b.	the enzyme DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the strand being synthesized.

c.	the bases A,C,G and T are required.

d.	All of the above are true of DNA replication.

11. During translation, amino acids are joined by peptide bonds to make polypeptides. The formation of these peptide bonds is catalyzed by:

12. If an allele (R) at a gene with two alleles shows complete dominance, individuals with the genotypes ______ will have the same phenotype.

a.	RR and rr.

RR and Rr

Rr and rr

d.	Each of the three possible genotypes will have a different phenotype.

mauvefox570

BIOB11H3 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Tandem Repeat, Globin, Intron

Document Summary

Get access

Related Documents

BIOB11H3 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Starch, Chromosome, Telomere

BIOB11H3 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Microtubule, Centromere, Fox Proteins

BIOB11H3 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Fluorescent Tag, Avidin, Centromere

Related Questions