BIOB34H3 Lecture 16: BIOB34_Lec16
29 Nov 2016
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Animal cells transform chemical energy from food into energy in atp bonds, which is then transformed into other forms of energy in order to reduce entropy. One way in which animals reduce entropy is by maintaining homeostasis of ions, osmotic pressure and volume of water in the body, preventing the system from heading towards equilibrium. Understand the major functions of the kidneys, including ultrafiltration, secretion and reabsorption. Describe the difference between urine formation in mammals and birds, and other vertebrates. Explain how the single effect and countercurrent multiplication work. Distinguish the strategies for nitrogen excretion, in ammonotelic, ureotelic and uricotelic animals. We pee in order to get rid of various waste molecules from our body, but in doing so we have to be careful about ionic, osmotic and volume changes induced by the water loss associated with urine. The kidneys in vertebrate animals are the organ responsible for producing urine. They have to regulate the composition of our pee!
