BIO220H1 Lecture 19: Lecture 19 Biogeochemical Cycles

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19 Apr 2012

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Nuclear weapons and ecological research, radiation effects on organisms, ecosystems. Nuclear research gave ecological tools and a model: radioactive tracers allowed following fates of chemicals in natural communities. Chemistry of natural world: large organic molecules: synthesized, consumed, broken down, chemical elements not created/destroyed, they cycle, cycle: pools, fluxes. C/n/p cycles: tied to hydrologic cycle, n/p limit plant productivity. C cycle: co2, c in organisms, inactive sedimentary pool of carbonates, limited by balance between creation (photosynthesis) and respiration/combustion, human intervention: combustion of fossil fuels, land conversion. Agricultural impacts on c: human deforestation, c in trees released by fire, forest clearance: more pollen from open-country species rather than woodland species, current deforestation mainly in tropics. Human effects on c budget: larger compounds co2 release, strengthening greenhouse effect. N cycle: mostly gaseous compounds, high solubility, minimal sediment pools, limited by n2 usable soluble nitrate/ammonium, human intervention: combustion of fuels, energy to make synthetic fertilizers.

Related Questions

64. Minerals in rocks are considered what typeof component of a chemical cycle? (Points : 1.25)

reservoir
exchange pool
biotic community
biotic
none of these

Question 65.65. Are humans capable ofupsetting global biogeochemical cycles with their activities?(Points : 1.25)

YES
NO

Question 66.66. There is more nitrogen gas inthe atmosphere than there is oxygen. (Points : 1.25)

TRUE
FALSE

Question 67.67. Which of the following is notan effect of global warming? (Points : 1.25)

rise in sea level
expansion of forests inthe temperate zones
melting of glaciers
wetter coastalregions
flooding of coastalagricultural land

Question 68.68. Cultural eutrophication can becaused by (Points : 1.25)

respiration andtranspiration.
mercury from industrialsources.
bacteria and viruses fromsewage and barnyard waste.
detergents, fertilizers,and sewage treatment plants.
biologicalmagnification.

Question 69.69. How is the nitrogen cycle likethe carbon cycle? (Points : 1.25)

Both are gaseouscycles.
Both requirephotosynthesis to utilize the chemical.
Both are lost to theatmosphere during cellular respiration.
Both are stored in fossilfuels.
Neither has a reservoirin nature.

Question 70.70. Decomposers perform a valuableservice because they recycle nutrients. (Points : 1.25)

TRUE
FALSE

Question 71.71. In MDCs, many people do noteat enough protein. (Points : 1.25)

TRUE
FALSE

Question 72.72. What do hydropower and windpower have in common? (Points : 1.25)

Both require the buildingof dams.
Both lead to an increasein greenhouse gas emissions.
Both are renewable energysources.
Both result in thedepletion of fossil fuels.
Both require the use ofphotovoltaic cells.

Question 73.73. Define an ecologicalfootprint. (Points : 1.25)

the total amount ofresources used by an individual to meet their needs
the amount of food aperson needs to eat
the amount of water aperson needs to meet their needs
the amount of land aperson needs to provide a place to live
the amount of energy aperson needs to meet their needs

Question 74.74. Which of the following is nota sustainability practice designed to conserve water? (Points :1.25)

use sediment traps forstorm drains
use low-flow or trickleirrigation
build retentionponds
use nonporous surfacesfor parking lots
use green roofs

lemonalligator999

1. Studies over many years and by many different researchers have shown that only 10% of the energy captured by photosynthesis is transferred to the next trophic level, primary consumers. Similarly, the transfer of energy between any trophic level and the next has been shown to be 10% (Infographic 22.4). The biogeochemical cycles that continually renew supplies of clean water, oxygen, essential nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus), and carbon also are powered by the sunâs energy (Infographic 23.9). The amount of energy delivered to the Earth remains nearly the same from year to year and is called the solar constant. Explain how energy flow and the rates of the biogeochemical cycles relate to the carrying capacity of an ecosystem. [45]

2. Prepare a schematic of the hydrologic cycle that shows the major sinks, flows, drivers and processes in the cycle. Indicate the relative amounts of freshwater and saltwater and briefly explain why all the Earthâs water has not become salty. [40]

3. If the Earthâs water supply is finite, how can global warming cause sea levels to rise? Hint: There are several mechanisms but donât fall into a common trap. Do this experiment! Put ice in a glass and fill the glass till it is ready to overflow. Set the glass on a table and let the ice melt. What did you observe? [15]

The complete set of reactions carried out by an organism is called:

a. anabolism

b. catabolism

c. metabolism

Value: 2

The breakdown of starch is broken down to glucose is an example of:

a. anabolism

b. catabolism

c. metabolism

Value: 3

For the following statement, determine which description best describes the process: DNA is synthesized from free nucleotides.

a. anabolism

b. catabolism

c. metabolism

Value: 4

Fill in the blank: Catabolic reactions result in the synthesis of molecules of .............via cellular respiration. This is then used to power anabolic reactions.

Value: 5

The energy in organic molecules is released in a series of steps because:

a. it is not possible to release it in a single step.

b. more total energy is released in multiple steps than would be released in a single step

c. less total energy is released in multiple steps than would be released in a single step.

d. more energy can be harvested for cellular use in multiple steps than from a single step.

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photosynthesis

1-The light reaction of photosynthesis does not include

a. chemiosmosis

b. oxygen liberation

c. glucose synthesis

d. electron transport

Value: 2

Photosynthesis takes place in the membranes of small sacs called

a. thylakoids

b. photosystems

c. stroma

d. photons

Value: 3

During what stage of photosynthesis is O2 produced?

a. the light-dependent reactions involving photosystems I and II

b. carbon fixation

c. the Krebs cycle

d. O2 is not produced during photosynthesis

Value: 4

The pigment molecules responsible for photosynthesis are located in the

a. mitochondria

b. cytoplasm of the cell

c. stroma of the chloroplast

d. thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast

Value: 5

During what stage of photosynthesis are ATP and NADPH converted to ADP + Pi and NADP+?

a. the light-dependent reactions

b. the light-independent reactions

c. both of the above

d. none of the above

Value: 6

What energy-rich organic compound is produced as a result of the Calvin cycle?

a. ATP

b. NADPH

c. glucose

d. H2O

Value: 7

During photosynthesis, photons raise electrons to higher energy levels. These excited electrons belong to what compound?

a. water

b. ATP

c. chlorophyll

d. electron transport chain

Value: 8

Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

a. photosynthesis occurs only in autotrophs; cellular respiration occurs only in heterotrophs

b. photosynthesis uses solar energy to convert inorganics to energy-rich organics; respiration breaks down energy-rich organics to synthesize ATP

c. photosynthesis involves the oxidation of glucose; respiration involves the reduction of CO2

d. the primary function of photosynthesis is to use solar energy to synthesize ATP; the primary function of cellular respiration is to break down ATP and release energy

BIO220H1 Lecture 19: Lecture 19 Biogeochemical Cycles

BIO220H1 Full Course Notes

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