HIS103Y1 Lecture 3: Enlightenment
Trade more than strategy links Europe to the rest of the world --> getting
resources from the rest of the world to support building states in Europe
•
Europeans are looking to the globe for resources to support their wars
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Wars are crucial to understanding development of states and state system
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Wars build modern state
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Wars create the necessity for rulers to have a monopoly on force
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Rulers: Command state's armed forces --> need to be paid for
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Necessity of states to have a system to gather taxes and other resources
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Can also be used within a country
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Use to ensure taxes are paid, provide resources
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Rulers use armed force to protect power at home
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Some states will come and some will go
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Sweden remains a state, but mostly gone
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United Provinces no longer have power to shift
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Poland will cease to exist as a state
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War made France, Louis continued to grow army
▪
French wars made other states: in reaction to Louis that English
took new King, other states quickly developed standing armies to
match French (Swedish were actually doing first) --> Modernized
bureaucracy to fund army
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France
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Emerged as a great power
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Britain
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Austria
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Prussia
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Russia
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5 constant states
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Why these five powers?
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Each power is strong enough that if they grew in strength it would threaten
the other powers
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States operate within concept of balance of power
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Spanish Habsburgs in West
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East: Principality of Austria ('Kingdom of the East'), Habsburg
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Leader of Habsburg Austria was also elected HRE
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Austria becomes a state: Austrian Habsburgs, leader has second
responsibility of HRE which is NOT a state, but affiliation of principalities
of Germany
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Austria develops bureaucratic tax structure and standing army
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Louis is King, ruler of France, Austrians and Ottomans start fighting
again
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1661:
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Austrians win battle against Ottomans, pushes Ottoman's out of
Hungary
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1664:
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Launched by Louis XIV on behalf of Maria Theresa in regard to
Spanish Succession
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War of Devolution 1667-1666
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Rise of Austria
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Enlightenment
September 26, 2016
2:22 PM
LECTURE Page 13
Spanish Succession
Austrians sense from war is that Spanish succession will be messy
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Austrian-Habsburgs and Emperor Leopold focus on the West of
Austria, what is happening with France and Spain (ignoring Hungary)
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Don't expand state's power, don't 'absorb' Hungary
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Hungarians will give Ottoman's money
▪
Have independent foreign policy
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Ottoman Empire will defend them from Austria
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Protestants in Hungary that think if there is an alliance with the
Ottomans, they will have more religious freedom than if they
were absorbed by Catholic Habsburgs
▪
Magyar (Hungarians) begin secret talks with sultan of Ottoman
Empire
○
Leopold of Austria invades Hungary
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10 year long guerrilla war
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1682 Ottomans decide that it is time to strike Austria
○
Austrians are distracted by France --> 'reunion' policy, trying to take
back lands of HRE, Leopold needs to look at France as a threat
○
Louis XIV encourages Ottomans to attack Austrians
○
Everyone believes that this is a war of religion
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Louis: "Christian Turk" because he does not take side of Christian
Europe, but Ottomans
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200K Ottomans camped around Vienna, Emperor has fled,
12-13k people defending Vienna
▪
Ottomans send a single arrow: 'may have free passage if you give
up city'
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Poland, Bavaria, Saxony, supported with money from the rest of
Europe, organized by the Pope, come and use modern military
techniques to destroy the Ottoman army.
▪
Ottoman army flees so quickly the Poles believe it is a trap,
won't follow back
▪
Kara Mustafa who lead Ottomans is strangled for losing the war
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Another war, Austrians move into Hungary
▪
Cooperation in Austria, people agree to pay taxes, increase in
taxes, to support standing army which can fight both French and
Ottomans
▪
Austrians take throne of Hungary --> Habsburg now
▪
Austria: great power born out of war
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Strong power but precarious because rests on newly captured
lands and peoples (Hungarians) who have not been brought into
the state
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Ottomans choose not to revolutionize army or society
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Take peace of Karlowitz
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Leaders will not jeopardize power at home, but instead accept
humiliating peace in order to maintain power
▪
1683 Siege of Vienna
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1671 --> WAR
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Ottoman empire had already attacked / threatened Europe before
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Rulers of Ottoman Empire were of Muslim faith, the people were not
all Muslim nor were they required to be: Christians, Jewish, etc.
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Remarkable toleration compared to religious reformation fighting in
Europe
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Long standing empire
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Decline of Ottoman Empire
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LECTURE Page 14
Document Summary
Trade more than strategy links europe to the rest of the world --> getting resources from the rest of the world to support building states in europe. Europeans are looking to the globe for resources to support their wars. Wars are crucial to understanding development of states and state system. Wars create the necessity for rulers to have a monopoly on force. Rulers: command state"s armed forces --> need to be paid for. Necessity of states to have a system to gather taxes and other resources. Rulers use armed force to protect power at home. Use to ensure taxes are paid, provide resources. States operate within concept of balance of power. Some states will come and some will go. United provinces no longer have power to shift. Poland will cease to exist as a state. War made france, louis continued to grow army.
