PCL201H1 Lecture : Lecture 21 Variability – Role of Pharmacogenetics

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azuresquirrel208

22 Apr 2012

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Prescribed drugs are generally effective in about 50% of patients. Inappropriate prescriptions adverse reactions (adrs) death. Cost of treating adrs > cost of medications themselves. Current trial and error method of drug prescribing. Gnenetically-enabled personalized medicine : use genetic technology to develop better medications, predictive genotype tests to determine ideal dose, drug, in right patient at right time. Variation in drug response: genetic and environmental factors contribute to adme. Pharmacogenetics: study of influence of genetic factors on response to and toxicity of foreign chemicals. Patients with same diagnosis may not be homogenous; may require different treatments. Need technology to identify segregation of: responders who are not predisposed to toxicity (given conventional drug/dose), and non-responders who are toxic responders (require alternative drug/dose) Snps correlate with disease predisposition, influence response to medications. Classification of pharmacogenetic variants: pharmacologic, pharmacokinetic: body drug, pharmacodynamic: drug body, monogenic, genetic. Pharmacogenetics of drug metabolism: variation in how body hits drug.

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Select an example of an advancement made in biotechnology (e.g. pharmacogenetics, stem cells, GMOs, de-extinction, etc.). Describe the specific advancement and what contribution it brings to society. Explain the promises and the risks of this technology.

Pharmacotherapy for Cardiovascular Disorders As the leading cause of death in the United States for both men and women, cardiovascular disorders account for 7 million hospitalizations per year (NCSL, 2012). This is the result of the extensive treatment and care that is often required for patients with these disorders. While the incidences of hospitalizations and death are still high, the mortality rate of cardiovascular disorders has been declining since the 1960s (CDC, 2011). Improved treatment options have contributed to this decline, as well as more knowledge on patient risk factors. As an advanced practice nurse, it is your responsibility to recommend appropriate treatment options for patients with cardiovascular disorders. To ensure the safety and effectiveness of drug therapy, advanced practice nurses must consider aspects that might influence pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes such as medical history, other drugs currently prescribed, and individual patient factors. Consider the following case studies: Case Study 1: Patient AO has a history of obesity and has recently gained 9 pounds. The patient has been diagnosed with hypertension and hyperlipidemia. Drugs currently prescribed include the following: Atenolol 12.5 mg daily Doxazosin 8 mg daily Hydralazine 10 mg qid Sertraline 25 mg daily Simvastatin 80 mg daily Case Study 2: Patient HM has a history of atrial fibrillation and a transient ischemic attack (TIA). The patient has been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and ischemic heart disease. Drugs currently prescribed include the following: Warfarin 5 mg daily MWF and 2.5 mg daily T, TH, Sat, Sun Aspirin 81 mg daily Metformin 1000 mg po bid Glyburide 10 mg bid Atenolol 100 mg po daily Motrin 200 mg 1â3 tablets every 6 hours as needed for pain Case Study 3: Patient CB has a history of strokes. The patient has been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. Drugs currently prescribed include the following: Glipizide 10 mg po daily HCTZ 25 mg daily Atenolol 25 mg po daily Hydralazine 25 mg qid Simvastatin 80 mg daily Verapamil 180 mg CD daily To prepare: Review this weekâs media presentation on hypertension and hyperlipidemia, as well as Chapters 19 and 20 of the Arcangelo and Peterson text. Select one of the three case studies, as well as one the following factors: genetics, gender, ethnicity, age, or behavior factors. Reflect on how the factor you selected might influence the patientâs pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes. Consider how changes in the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes might impact the patientâs recommended drug therapy. Think about how you might improve the patientâs drug therapy plan based on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes. Reflect on whether you would modify the current drug treatment or provide an alternative treatment option for the patient. Post on or before Day 3 an explanation of how the factor you selected might influence the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes in the patient from the case study you selected. Then, describe how changes in the processes might impact the patientâs recommended drug therapy. Finally, explain how you might improve the patientâs drug therapy plan. make it 400 words, .

Biochemical testing
- a. b. c. d. e.	Karyotype analysis
- a. b. c. d. e.	Microarray analysis
- a. b. c. d. e.	DNA sequencing
- a. b. c. d. e.	Preimplantation diagnosis

a.	Embryo IVF suitability
b.	Downâs syndrome determination
c.	Pharmacogenetics
d.	Tumor classification
e.	Tay-Sachs diagnosi

PCL201H1 Lecture : Lecture 21 Variability – Role of Pharmacogenetics

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