POL222H1 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Theory X And Theory Y, Confounding, Spurious Relationship
22 Nov 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
Document Summary
There are two primary, potential obstacles when we empirically examine a relationship. Our causal theory: x causes y (x y) Even when we find a systematic relationship between x & y, we cannot tell whether x causes y or y causes x or both. Our causal theory - x causes y. X (independent v) y (dependent v) Are there any other variable(s) z that causes y. If there is a relationship between x (y)and z, z is called a confounding variable. In order to be a confounding variable, z has to have a relationship with both the dependent and independent variable (x & y). Z college education & political participation: spurious relationship. Causal theory (iv dp) (x y) Sometimes when z comes into play, you lose the relationship between x y. Elementary school teacher, trying to find out what would improve your students academic achievement. Grade has relationship to both x & y.
