RLG100Y1 Lecture 14: Lecture 14 - jainism and sikhism

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14 Mar 2011

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Sikhism: from sikh ( disciple , community of sikhs panth, arose in context of sant tradition (n. india, guru nanak (1469-1539) first sikh guru. Had mystical experience given cup of amrit ( nectar of immortality ) from god. Responded with mul mantra ( primary mantra: nanak ad followers settled in punjab region (n. e. India: emphasis on meditation, hymn-singing, recollection of god"s name (influence of bhakti and. Granthi: official reader of adi granth: 10th guru, gobind singh (1666-1708), formed the khalsa elite group of sikhs. Designated the adi granth as future guru guru granth sahib. Jainism: central concept ahimsa ( non-harmfulness , jain/jaina from jina ( victor ) those who have achieved liberation and become great teachers. Also called tirthankaras ( ford-builders : 24 tirthankaras in a life-cycle most recent nataputta vardhamana, or mahavira ( great hero ), trad. 599-527 bce: no creator god tirthankaras revered over gods, karma physically real accumulates on soul, keeps it bound to samsara.

Related Questions

1) Explain why we typically find more species under conditions of intermediate disturbance compared to either rare or frequent disturbance. (Ch. 18)

2) Why might you expect communities with fewer species to contain fewer trophic levels? (Ch. 18)

3) How do ecologists distinguish between primary and secondary succession? (Ch. 19)

4) When using a chronosequence to document the pathway of succession, what are the assumptions? (Ch. 19)

5) Why should we not expect a single climax community within a biome? (Ch. 19)

6) Compare and contrast the concepts of facilitation, inhibition, and tolerance in the context of ecological succession. (Ch. 19)

7) When a community experiences succession, why does the species richness of a community initially increase, then plateau, and finally decline? (Ch. 19)

8) Why do early- and late-successional species tend to possess different adaptations? (Ch. 19)

9) Why is the efficiency of energy transfer between two trophic levels generally quite low? (Ch. 20)

10) How do ecologists distinguish between gross primary productivity and net primary productivity? (Ch. 20)

11) Compare and contrast the measurement of primary productivity in terrestrial vs. aquatic systems. (Ch. 20)

12) What factors limit the net primary productivity of terrestrial systems? (Ch. 20)

orangedolphin399

QUESTION 1 1. The relative importance or burden of a disease within a population will depend on a number of factors including : A. Disease frequency B. Disease severity C. Disease consequences D. All of the above

QUESTION 2 1 . With the epidemiologic transition, there is a reduction in malnutrition and _____ . A. Communicable diseases B. Injuries C. Non-communicable chronic diseases D. Mental health disorders

QUESTION 3 1. A major challenge to developing a burden of disease profile in low and middle-income countries relates to A. Unwillingness to share complete information B. Conflicting disease definitions C. Challenges obtaining information related to cause of death D. All of the above

QUESTION 4 1. The demographic transition describes which of the following changes to society A. Changes in birth and death rates that reflect a modern society B. Declines in mortality followed by a reduction in fertility C. A change in the age structure of the population D. All of the above

QUESTION 5 1. Measures of health status that combine mortality and morbidity data A. Facilitate comparisons both within and across populations B. Help estimate the quantitative health benefits from interventions C. Serve as tools to assist with resource allocation D. All of the above

QUESTION 6 1. The disability-adjusted life year is defined as A. A health gap population summary measure that combines time lost due to disability with that lost due to death B. A measure to compare the gap between the current situation to that of an ideal situation C. A measure that combines the amount of healthy life lost due to morbidity with that lost due to injury. D. Answers B and C

QUESTION 7 1. True or false? A key limitation to mortality-based indicators is that they fail to account for the morbidity caused by disease. True False

QUESTION 8 1. The most widely used composite measure of population health is the DALY, and this epidemiological measure is the sum of morbidity and ________data. A. Years of life lost (YLL) B. Morbidity C. Infant mortality rates (IMR) D. none of the above

QUESTION 9 1. What would be the best source of information on adult and infant mortality (in high income countries)? A. Disease registers B. Vital statistics C. Special survey study D. Hospital clinic statistics

QUESTION 10 1. Which term is best used to describe the proportion of people in a population who have a defined disease at a specific point of time? A. DALY B. Incidence C. Mortality rate D. Prevalence

QUESTION 11 1. Which term is best used to describe new cases of disease occurring in a population? A. DALY B. Incidence C. Mortality rate D. Prevalence

QUESTION 12 1. Which term is used to describe the absence or presence of illness or disease? A. Demography B. Morbidity C. Mortality D. Vitality

QUESTION 13 1. Mortality (death indicators) include: A. Mortality rate B. Infant mortality rate C. Neonatal morality rate D. All of the above

QUESTION 14 1. True or false? The value of life is often implicit in the way resource allocation decisions are made, which suggests that these decisions should be as explicit, open, and transparent as possible. True False

QUESTION 15 1. _________________is projected as the number one leading cause of disease burden in 2030. A. Ischemic heart disease B. Diabetes mellitus C. HIV/AIDS D. Unipolar depression

QUESTION 16 1. Some of the negative aspects of globalization include A. Greater insecurity of employment B. Poorer housing and sanitation due to rapid urbanization C. Greater vulnerability to environmental degradation D. All of the above

QUESTION 17 1. Current concerns about climate change focus on several developments including A. Rising global average land and sea surface temperature B. Increasing frequency of extreme weather conditions C. Both A and B D. None of the above

QUESTION 18 1. True or false? Diseases carried by mosquitoes are especially sensitive to meteorological conditions because they are vulnerable to changes in the ambient temperature. As a result of changing temperatures, infectious diseases such as malaria and dengue have decreased in incidence and geographic range. True False

QUESTION 19 1. True or false? International cooperation of infectious disease control has a long history that includes obligatory reporting of outbreaks of specific diseases. However, compliance with obligatory reporting has been poor due to economic consequences that have often accompanied notification of disease outbreaks. True False

QUESTION 20 1. True or false? Globalization is a relatively new phenomenon that began in the mid-20th century. True False

Community Ecology

6. Competition between species is called ____________ competition. A. interspecific
B. exploitative
C. interference

D. fundamental E. intraspecific

7. A species that plays a critical role in maintaining the structure of an ecological community and helps to determine the types and numbers of various other species in the community is known as
A. a predator.

B. a keystone species. C. the primary species. D. the dominant species. E. the alpha species.

Evolution

1. We build trees because:
A. Organisms are related like members of a family are related.
B. Each lineage has a common ancestor that gave rise to that lineage. C. Characteristics are passed on from parents to offspring.
D. all of the above

2. Evolution basically denotes change in populations to: A. Improve reproductive success.
B. Remove defective individuals.
C. Increase the survival of the most fit individuals.

D. Discover better genes.

3. We can put species into groups based on shared: A. genes.
B. characteristics.
C. ecology.

D. environment.

4. Bats and birds share a common characteristic like having four limbs- homologies- with: A. Amphibians
B. Rodents.
C. Reptiles.

D. all of the above.

5. Which of these are mechanisms of evolution? A. Mutation
B. Migration
C. Gene flow

D. all of the above

6. Natural selection involves the following: A. Variation in traits
B. Differential reproduction
C. Hereditary

D. all of the above

RLG100Y1 Lecture 14: Lecture 14 - jainism and sikhism

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