Biology 1001A Lecture Notes - Biogeography, Keystone Species, Invasive Species

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azurehornet978

18 Oct 2012

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Competition is major factor that shapes communities and affects the locations of species (habitats) 2 species of mussels: smaller species are found on shallow portions of rocks, larger species are found deeper portion of rocks. Experiment shows that if your remove larger species, the smaller expand to deeper portions and shallow portions. If you remove shallow water species, nothing happens. Larger species remain in deep area: therefore, competition does affect structure of a community, distribution of mussels. It also tells us that the deep-water species are better competitors. Affects the presence of the smaller species in the deep water. Species diversity of a community reflects 2 aspects: species richness. Number of different species in a community: evenness. What the specie eats and what eats it, is the trophic level: level i is primary producers (photosynthetic plankton, level ii are the primary consumers, level iii secondary consumers, level iv tertiary consumers, level v+ .

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Consider three different scenarios. In all three scenarios, theenvironment fluctuates between one of two states: state 1, in whicha larger fish species outcompetes a smaller fish species; and state2, in which the smaller species outcompetes the larger species. Inall three scenarios, the time spent in either state, as well as thedegree to which one species outcompetes the other, is roughly thesame. Thus, on average, the larger and the smaller species arecomparable in their competitive abilities. In scenario A,environments switch on average every three years, and competitiveexclusion usually takes four months. In scenario B, environmentsswitch about every five months, and competitive exclusion usuallytakes about four months. In scenario C, the environments switchabout every three weeks, and competitive exclusion usually takesabout two years. Assuming that Hutchinson

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1)In the Arroyo Seco, the Western Toad feeds on beetles, bees, and small aquatic insects. The Bull Frog has been introduced and eats the same foods. The based on this information interaction between these two species can best be described as:

2)Introduced species such as the Polyphagous Shot Hole Borer can damage the communities they are introduced to by:

changing communities to have a uniform distribution

providing food for native species

increasing species richness

spreading new parasites and diseases

3)Species that compete for the same resources often switch to either use different resources or find ways to reduce competition. Why is this often true?

introduced (exotic species) are always going to be the best competitors

to avoid parasites

direct competition harms both species, even the superior competitor

competition only benefits one of the species

keystone predators maintain species diversity in a communityby
a. competitively excluding other predators
b. preying on the community's dominant species
c. allowing immigration of other predators
d. reducing the number of disruptions in the community
e. coevolving with their prey

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Biology 1001A Lecture Notes - Biogeography, Keystone Species, Invasive Species

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