Biology 1002B Lecture Notes - Lecture 13: Nucleic Acid Hybridization, Light-Independent Reactions, Cyanobacteria

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czzz

22 Feb 2020

School

Western University

Department

Biology

Course

Biology 1002B

Professor

Tom Haffie Denis Maxwell

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Document Summary

Mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living (autonomous) Some of the genes from the mitochondrion moved into the nucleus through lateral gene. As well, the genes in the nucleus can undergo recombination, which is favoured. Easier to coordinate and control the genes in the nucleus. Save energy by having just two copies in the nucleus rather than hundreds in the mitochondria and chloroplasts (more energy efficient) Many more opportunities for generating variation in the nucleus. Endosymbiont genomes are greatly diminished the mitochondrial genome has been reduced. They can function as trna, rrna: ex rnas that are needed for local gene expression like the d1 protein. May be hard to transport the protein from outside of the organelle to the inside (no transporter) this would mean that it would have to be made inside. How might organelle genes move to the nucleus. Mitochondrion dies and dna gets inside the nucleus through nuclear pores.

Related Questions

Question 1 Which characteristic(s) of mitochondria andchloroplasts supports their existence as independent prokaryoticcells that were engulfed by eukaryotic cells?

Question 1 options: their size presence of their own DNA theirself-replication by binary fission all of these characteristicssupport that mitochondria and chloroplasts were independentprokaryotic cells that were engulfed by eukaryotic cells

Question 2 Mitochondria originated from __________, which wereengulfed during __________ endosymbiosis. Chloroplasts originatedfrom __________, which were engulfed during __________endosymbiosis.

Question 2 options: aerobic bacterium; primary; cyanobacteria;primary anaerobic bacterium; primary; cyanobacteria; secondarycyanobacteria; primary; aerobic bacterium; secondary cyanobacteria;primary; aerobic bacterium; primary

Question 3 Saved Secondary endosymbiosis refers to the processby which

Question 3 options: prokaryotes acquired chloroplasts.prokaryotes acquired mitochondria. eukaryotic cells engulfedcyanobacteria. eukaryotic cells with mitochondria engulfed aphotosynthetic.

Question 4 Saved Though there are exceptions, __________ is acommon reproductive strategy among protists.

Question 4 options: sexual reproduction by mitosis asexualreproduction by mitosis binary fission asexual reproduction bymeiosis

Question 5 Protists with chloroplasts are __________ that maketheir own food. Protists that lack chloroplasts ___________ and arethus heterotrophic; this group is generally known as__________.

Question 5 options: parasites; ingest food; protozoansheterotrophs; photosynthesize; plankton photosynthetic autotrophs;ingest or absorb food; protozoans green algae; are parasites;plankton

Question 6 An endosymbiotic protist that does not cause diseaseis likely

Question 6 options: plankton. a protozoan. a parasiticheterotroph. a photosynthetic autotroph.

Question 7 The euglenoids are

Question 7 options: euglenoids can be all of these things.photosynthetic organisms with chloroplasts. heterotrophic organismswithout chloroplasts. flagellated freshwater unicellularorganisms.

Question 8 African sleeping sickness and Chagas disease arecaused by

Question 8 options: amoeboids found in zooplankton. euglenoidswith chloroplasts. photosynthetic protists. parasiticflagellates.

Question 9 Amoeboids feed by

Question 9 options: photosynthesis, by which they make their ownfood in their chloroplasts. phagocytosis, which occurs aspseudopods surround and engulf prey. decomposing dead organisms.absorbing nutrients from their surroundings.

Question 10 Foraminiferans and radiolarians

Question 10 options: share a clade with the amoeboids. areamoeboids with shells called tests. have pseudopods, but are notamoeboids. do not have pseudopods, though they do have shells,called tests.

Question 11 A ciliate might have __________, which dischargestructures that are useful in defense or prey capture.

Question 11 options: anal pores trypanosomes contractilevacuoles trichocysts

Question 12 Ciliates reproduce __________ and have __________ tocontrol metabolism and reproduction.

Question 12 options: both sexually and asexually; two types ofnuclei sexually; a single nucleus asexually; two types of nuclei bybinary fission; a nucleoid

Question 13 The nonmotile apicomplexan Plasmodium vivaxcauses

Question 13 options: Chagas disease. vaginitis. African sleepingsickness. malaria.

Question 14 Which phase of Plasmodium vivaxâs life cycle takesplace in the human liver? In the mosquito carrier?

Question 14 options: the sexual phase; the asexual phase theasexual phase; the sexual phase

Question 15 __________ molds are found in forests, fields, andin soil. They exist in two forms, individual amoeboid __________and diploid multinucleated __________.

Question 15 options: Slime; sporangium; flagellated cells Water;sporangium; flagellated cells Slime; cellular slime molds;plasmodial slime molds Water; cellular water molds; plasmodialwater molds

Question 16 __________ are among the most numerous of allunicellular algae in the oceans and produce a major portion of theearths oxygen supply.

Question 16 options: Red algae Sporozoa DinoflagellatesDiatoms

Question 17 The phenomenon known as red tide is caused by

Question 17 options: population explosions in dinoflagellates.population explosions in red algae. built up remains of diatoms.bacterial invasion of the phytoplankton.

Question 18 The seaweed observed on the shoreline in the northtemperate zone, sometimes called kelp, is

Question 18 options: green algae. blue-green algae. red algae.brown algae.

Question 19 Ice cream, sherbet, and cream cheese are made fromalginate, a pectinlike material produced by __________ algae. Anemulsifying agent used in cosmetics and chocolate, as well as thewrappings for sushi rolls are made from extracts or parts of__________ algae.

Question 19 options: brown; green brown; red red; green green;brown

Question 20 Saved Green algae are believed to be closely relatedto the first plants, and are classified as plants by someauthorities, because both groups

Question 20 options: have a cell wall containing cellulose.possess chlorophylls a and b. All of these choices accuratelycomplete this statement. store reserve food in the form ofstarch.

emeraldpanda238

________30. If you are investigating the inner structure of a new cell and see that it has a significantly larger amount of RER than other cells. You would conclude the cell does a great deal of____?
A. ATP synthesis

B. protein synthesis
C. DNA synthesis
D. active transport
E. polysaccharide hydrolysis

________31. If a cell comes in contact with a toxic substance such as H2O2, it could survive as long as it has a ___ to digest it.
A. DNA
B. peroxisome

C. mitochondria
D. phospholipids
E. intermediate filaments

________32. Some cells have structures to help them withstand osmotic pressure. For example,
A. Plant cells due to their walls
B. Animal cells due to the sodium/potassium pumps

C. Bacterial cell due to their swimming

D. Viruses due to their protein coats

________33. Evolution occurs only as a cell ____.

A. They undergo mitosis
B. Change in their gene pool
C. They move from one habitat to another

D. They begin to eat different foods

________34. Ribosomes are produced in the

A. nucleoli.
B. chromatin.
C. nuclear envelopes.

D. Golgi complex. E. cisternae.

________35. Algae are often green, but there are red and brown species also. What accounts for this difference in color?
A. The chlorophyll of chloroplasts
B. The pigments in other plastids

C. The presence of a mitochondria
D. The accumulation of cellular wastes

________36. The chloroplast and other like prokaryotes have which of the following that helps with photosynthesis?
A. They live in water based environments
B. They have chloroplasts in their cytoplasm

C. Change color in the dark vs. the sun
D. They have photoreceptor proteins in their membranes or mesosomes.

________37. Located in the membrane, we see a set of proteins called receptors that only connect with or bind to specific substances. This is called __.
A. ligand specificity.
B. hormone selectivity.

C. cell tonicity.
D. water saturation. E. signal resolution.

________38. Of the following statements, we could say that ___ is false.
A. All organisms are composed of cells and cell products.
B. An organism's structure and all of its functions are due to the activities of cells.
C. The cellular organelles are the simplest structural and functional unit of life.
D. Cells come from preexisting cells.
E. Cells are made from nonliving components including the nucleus, cell membrane and cytoplasm.

________39. If it is really true that our cells are the smallest anatomical unit that meets all of the properties of life, then which of the following could imply otherwise?
A. vacuoles
B. centrioles

C. Golgi apparatus
D. mitochondria
E. endoplasmic reticulum

________40. Oxygen is an absolute need for animal and plant cells alike due to the ___.

A. RER
B. Mitochondria
C. Lysosomes

D. DNA

________41. In a plasma membrane, we expect to see the carb/protein structures to extend into the ___, but the secondary messengers to move within the __.
A. extracellular fluid; cytosol
B. cytosol; extracellular fluid

C. intracellular fluid; cytosol

D. cytosol; intracellular fluid

E. extracellular fluid; plasma

________42. Bacteria are found in all of the following habitats:

A. Caves
B. Oceans
C. Animals

D. Everywhere on Earth

________43. Two solutions are separated by a selectively permeable membrane. Solution A has a higher concentration of an impermeable solute compared to solution B. Which of the following do you expect would happen?
A. solute will move from solution A to solution B

B. solute will move from solution B to solution A

C. water will more from solution A to solution B

D. water will move from solution B to solution A E. no movement of solute or water will occur

________44. In the kidney, we notice that almost all of the cells involved in the production of urine have high concentrations of the Na+/K+ pump. Which typically works to push Na+ ___ its concentration gradient by using ___.
A. up; active transport

B. up; facilitated transport
C. up; cotransport
D. down; active transport
E. down; facilitated transport

________45. In the charts of a patient recently admitted to the hospital noted that he was taking a medication called lithium and high doses of calcium supplements. Given this, we would expect the patientâs liver to have a higher than normal amount of __ to purify out the lithium and calcium.

A. lysosomes.
B. centrosomes.
C. mitochondria.
D. peroxisomes.
E. rough endoplasmic reticulum.

________46. We have long observed that our neural cells in the brain cannot replicate or replace themselves due to the lack of ____.
A. produce ATP.
B. divide.

C. produce enzymes.
D. secrete material across their plasma membrane E. conduct electrical signals.

________47. An organismâs structure and function is ultimately due to the structure and function of itâs __.
A. Organs
B. Tissues

C. Cells

D. Nuclei

Review question its 1-12 sorry for the xtra questions in the bottom

1:2D chromatography is so named because ____

A: there are two steps: labeling with a radioactive marker and separation via chromatography

B: two different solutions are used in the paper chromatography

C: the molecules are separated into a linear arrangement, meaning two dimension

D: two different types of radioactive markers must be used

E: the process separates the molecules in two direction, first along the X and then along the Y axis

2: :Which molecule(s) regulate(s) photosynthesis by sensing the metabolic status of the chloroplast and regulating proton flow out of the thylakoid lumen??

A: ATP synthase

B: antenna complex

C: Chrolophyll B

D: carotenoids

E: chlorphyll A

3: When does A CAM plant take in atmospheric CO2?

A: daytime only

B: Summer day

C: winter day

D: nighttime only

E: anytime the calvin cycle is happening

4: Where can you find ATP synthase in a plant cell ?
A; in the thylakoid membrane only

B: in the mitochondial inner membrane

C: both thylakid and inner mitochondria membrane

D: only in the nucleus

E: embedded in the plasma membrane

5: chloroplast kept in the daek can continue to make sugar is provided with

A: NADPH, CO2, and ADP

B: CO2, and ATP

C: NADPH, ATP, and CO2

D: NADPH and ATP

E: water and ATP

7: C3 plants are more susceptible to photorespiration than either C4 or CAM plants. Why do most plants lack the C4 pathway??

A: Switching between C3, C4, and CAM photosynthesis is very difficult for most plants

B: ?Rubisco is more efficient in C3 plants when compared to rubisco of C4 and CAM plants

C: Most plant species do not have vacuoles in their cells to store the malate generated from CO2 taken in during the night.

D; : Photorespiration is not a serious problem for most plants.?

E: There is an energetic cost to C4 and CAM pathways that only makes them advantageous in very hot and/or arid environments.?

8: In Engelmann's classic experiment, why were the oxygen-requiring bacteria clustered around the regions of Spirogyra algae that were bathed in red, blue, and violet light?

A; The bacteria were immobile and that is where Engelmann happened to place them

B; The most energy-rich wavelengths of light are found at the edges of visible and nonvisible light (ultra

violet and infrared)

C; Photosynthesis is most active in those wavelengths of light and thus more oxygen is consumed by the algae in those regions.

D: Photosynthesis is most active in those wavelengths of light and thus more oxygen is produced by the algae in those regions.?

E: : Chlorophyll is green and thus reflects green light.

9: In any experiment, changes to the dependent variable based on the manipulations of the independent variable are measured. When determining the action spectrum of a given plant, what is the independent variable and what is the dependent variable?

A: independent = rate of O2 release in photosynthesis; dependent = wavelength?

B: ?independent = absorption of light; dependent = wavelength

C: independent = wavelength; dependent = rate of O2 release in photosynthesis?

D: independent = wavelength; dependent = absorption of light?

E: independent = rate of O2 release in photosynthesis; dependent = absorption of light

10: Which plant structure is responsible for gas exchange??

A: stromal lamellae

B: grana

C: granastomata?

D: stroma

11: n order to elucidate the Calvin cycle, Calvin and his colleagues used two-dimensional paper chromatography to analyze the presence of different molecules under different conditions. What did they conclude from the accumulation of RuBP when CO2 levels were low??

A: CO2 serves as a non-competitive inhibitor of rubisco.

B: RuBP is the last substrate to react in the Calvin cycle.

C: RuBP only reacts with CO2 when concentrations of ATP are low

D: RuBP is the first substrate to react with CO2

E: ?RuBP only reacts with CO2 in the sunlight.

12: Why isn't oxygen produced by organisms that perform anoxygenic photosynthesis?

A; their membranes lack ATP synthase?

B; They use a different enzyme for the initial reactions of the calvin cycle

C: they use electrons donors other than water

D: their photosystem do not utilize the calvin cycle

E: their chorophyll contains an iron rather than magnesium

A: ?there are two steps: labeling with a radioactive marker and separation via chromatography

B: two different solutions are used in the paper chromatography process?

C: the molecules are separated into a linear arrangement, meaning two dimensions?

D: two different types of radioactive markers must be used?

E: the process separates the molecules in two directions, first along the x axis and then along the y axis?

2:Which molecule(s) regulate(s) photosynthesis by sensing the metabolic status of the chloroplast and regulating proton flow out of the thylakoid lumen??

A: ?ATP synthase

B: the antenna complex?

C: chlorophyll b?

D: carotenoids?

E: chlorophyll a

3: When does a CAM plant take in atmospheric CO2??

A: ?daytime only

B: summer only?

C: ?winter only

D: nighttime only?

?e: anytime the Calvin cycle is occurring

4: Where can you find ATP synthase in a plant cell??

A: ?in the thylakoid membrane only

B: in the mitochondrial inner membrane only?

C: both the thylakoid and inner mitochondrial membranes?

D: only in the nucleus?

E: ?embedded in the plasma membrane

5: Chloroplasts kept in the dark can continue to make sugar if provided with ____.

A: NADPH, CO2, and ADP?

B: CO2 and ATP?

?c: NADPH, ATP, and CO2

D: NADPH and ATP?

E: water and ATP

6: Where does the Calvin cycle occur?

A: thylakoid lumen?

B: cytosol?

C: stroma?

D: stromal lamellae

?e: thylakoid membrane

7: C3 plants are more susceptible to photorespiration than either C4 or CAM plants. Why do most plants lack the C4 pathway??

A: Switching between C3, C4, and CAM photosynthesis is very difficult for most plants.?

B: ?Rubisco is more efficient in C3 plants when compared to rubisco of C4 and CAM plants.

C: Most plant species do not have vacuoles in their cells to store the malate generated from CO2 taken in during the night.?

D: Photorespiration is not a serious problem for most plants.?

E: There is an energetic cost to C4 and CAM pathways that only makes them advantageous in very hot and/or arid environments.?

8: In Engelmann's classic experiment, why were the oxygen-requiring bacteria clustered around the regions of Spirogyra algae that were bathed in red, blue, and violet light??

A:The bacteria were immobile and that is where Engelmann happened to place them.?

B: The most energy-rich wavelengths of light are found at the edges of visible and nonvisible light (ultra violet and infrared).?

?c: Photosynthesis is most active in those wavelengths of light and thus more oxygen is consumed by the algae in those regions.

D; Photosynthesis is most active in those wavelengths of light and thus more oxygen is produced by the algae in those regions.?

?e: Chlorophyll is green and thus reflects green light.

9; In any experiment, changes to the dependent variable based on the manipulations of the independent variable are measured. When determining the action spectrum of a given plant, what is the independent variable and what is the dependent variable??

A: independent = rate of O2 release in photosynthesis; dependent = wavelength?

B: ?independent = absorption of light; dependent = wavelength

C: independent = wavelength; dependent = rate of O2 release in photosynthesis?

D: independent = wavelength; dependent = absorption of light?

E: independent = rate of O2 release in photosynthesis; dependent = absorption of light?

10: Which plant structure is responsible for gas exchange??

A: stromal lamellae?

B: grana?

C: stomata?

?D: stroma

11: In order to elucidate the Calvin cycle, Calvin and his colleagues used two-dimensional paper chromatography to analyze the presence of different molecules under different conditions. What did they conclude from the accumulation of RuBP when CO2 levels were low??

A:	?CO2 serves as a non-competitive inhibitor of rubisco.

?B: RuBP is the last substrate to react in the Calvin cycle.

C: RuBP only reacts with CO2 when concentrations of ATP are low.?

D:	RuBP is the first substrate to react with CO2.?

e:	?RuBP only reacts with CO2 in the sunlight.

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Biology 1002B Lecture Notes - Lecture 13: Nucleic Acid Hybridization, Light-Independent Reactions, Cyanobacteria

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