Biology 2601A/B Lecture Notes - Lecture 12: Lake Titicaca, Damselfly, Exhalation

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Figure: air breathing animals at sea level, there is a high gradient between the external environment and the mitochondria, air breathing animals on a mountain (4500m) If you took the same organism and took it to the top of a mountain, the partial pressure of oxygen is quite a bit lower. Lower capacity to take in and use oxygen. If there is less oxygen inside the animal than outside then diffusion can happen: vise versa for co2. Breathing structures: animals either breath air through lungs, or water through gills. Invagination: internal: external gills, evagination: external projection into the environmental medium, and the environment moves over them. Internal gills: evagination: but protected by some kind of other growth of the body. Still projected out into the medium: example; in fish. It goes past the alveoli in 1 direction: but the air flow in the alveoli has no direction (random, this arrangement limits how effective mammalians are at taking up oxygen.

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