Earth Sciences 1022A/B Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Transparency And Translucency, Chemical Substance, Amphibole

• School: Western University
• Department: Earth Sciences
• Course: Earth Sciences 1022A/B
• Professor: Molnar

Document Summary

Elements: a pure chemical substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by normal chemical means, ex. Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur: smallest particle of matter that retains the characteristics of an element is an atom, atoms combine together in different ways to generate or comprise the 90 naturally occurring elements. Ions of sodium. (+) and chlorine (-) join and stack together. Covalent bonding: electrons are shared, 2 electrons are shared between, each just need one electron to fill their outer shell. Intermolecular bonding: weak and temporary bonds, bonds produced by slight charge imbalances. Metallic bonding: occurs in pure native metals, copper, gold, silver, electrons constantly migrate among ions of the substance, free migration of electrons accounts for the strong ability of metals to conduct electricity, bonds tend to be weak. Silicates: most important based on abundance, tetrahedron shape, the silica tetrahedron anion has a charge of -4.