History 2301E Lecture Notes - Monroe Doctrine, Theodore Roosevelt, Foodborne Illness
2 May 2018
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Section II – themes based on follow topics
The origins of America’s involvement in foreign wars, 1898 to the 1970s
Spanish-American-Cuban-Philippine War, World War I, World War II, Korean War, Cold War, Vietnam
1. The Splendid Little War, April – August 1898
- The Monroe Doctrine revisited
- Initially it was a statement of principle but now in action
- Cuban Revolutions
o People of Cuba began to rise up against Spanish
- Monroe Doctrine said that USA wouldn’t get involved in Spanish affairs
- Spain is tired of uprisings so they send a new officer
- Butcher Weyler, 1895
o Institute a reign of terror, not just to the rebels but also to their families, the civilian population
o Set up concentration camps, 10s of thousands of people put in camps
o Wants to take away civilian support
o Rebels saw an opportunity in this horror, set up offices in USA
o They wanted to go after the hearts of Americans so they worked with newspapers to get out the
stories, had an effect not willing to go to war but donated millions of dollars to the Cuban
cause
- War sells, 2 major newspaper chains were owned by Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst: give
me the pictures and I’ll give you a war
- Business opinion said no we don’t want war, not good for business, soldiers are workers, resources
could be used at home
- President McKinley: against war, hates it, fought in Civil War, doesn’t want another generation of it
- The USS Maine, February 1898
- Sends to Havana to rescue Americans caught up in the conflict
- Reality was that it was there to spy
- Ship exploded, all sailors, officers, cooks, etc. died
- “remember the maine”
- Blame was put on Spain – said Spanish mined the harbor and this was an act of war
- Found the ship was not hit by a mine but left a huge barrel of gun powder right beside the engine, an
accident
- In April 1898, US declares war on Spain
- Purpose of this war was to get Cuba Independence
- Battle for Cuba
- No real standing army for US
- A fun war, one people wanted to be involved in
- Naval battles: blockade Cuba, Spain can’t bring supplies/more men in
- Land battles: important for the mythology, Teddy Roosevelt, Assistant secretary to the navy who is all
about masculinity, he quits his beurocratic job to fight Spanish, this cavalry group is called Rough
Ridders, members of Yale university glee club, Harvard football team, weird group of cowboys
- Uses newspapers to get images of him, understands power of press
- Over in 6 weeks, 460 americans died but not in combat from malaria and food poisoning (eating
sausages from Chicago meat factory)
- Battle of Manila Bay, May 1, 1898
- Pilipino people also wanted Spanish rule gone
- Americans had a naval squad in Hong Kong
o Admiral Dewy was given orders to go into Phillippines, entire battle lasted 6 hours, when battle
is over, the entire Spanish fleet was sunk, not a single American died in combat, one died of a
heart attack
o With this defeat, entire rule collapsed
- Spanish sues for peace, 1898-1899
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
- US ends up as an imperial power, Spain gives up power but Americans don’t leave
- American-Filipino War, 1899-1904
- Didn’t want to be ruled by another imperial war
- Fighting from USA was awful: killing of civilians, burned villages, killed women and children, in 1904
they captured and killed the head of Filipino resistance was the war over
- Thousands of American deaths
- Should have been a wakeup call against fighting in Asia
- Now USA was an imperial power, created a domestic crisis
- Republican was bottom up government
- Imperialism is top down
- USA was born fighting off an imperial power, turning back on 1776 if you become one
- Economics: worried about a flood of cheap colonial goods
- Race mixing, what happened to white face of America?
- Pro imperialist: duty to do this because we don’tw ant to give them back to Spain or ENgand or France
and can’t be left alone either
- They need to be Christianized, Catholic wasn’t good enough
- Economic – opportunity to have access to raw good
- After this, US will not occupy territory the way England does in India, for example
- US uses its economic plight, set up factories, mines, companies, railroads, etc. to connect foreign lands
to USA
- Other means of control is the CIA
- Not any better than what happens in Britain but fundamentally different
2. WWI
Wilson’s War Message, April 1917
- Goes to Congress and asks for a declaration of War
- Doing it for democracy, peace, safety, etc.
- There was a standing ovation
- Wilson in his mind, came to realization that the only way to dictate the peace was to win the war
- US has to go into war, end it, and then dictate peace terms
3. WWII
The Road to War
- Japanese expansion
o Post war military
▪ Issues of another arms race and global naval race beginning in 1922
▪ British, Russians, Japanese and U.S. – conference
• Japan emerges the dominant naval power in asia
• U.S. and Britain has two oceans to control
o 1920s industry
▪ Economic boom in the 1920s
▪ Needs raw materials not indigenous to Japan: oil, rubber and steel
▪ Used naval strength to carve out an empire throughout Asia and the pacific
• Going after raw materials in these countries
• Starts to become a global empire
o 1930s Depression
▪ to ensure their economy continued to thrive, took empire and makes a tighter hold on
it
▪ as the great depression got worse, japan sets sights on China
• moving inland for control, safety and resources
▪ 1937, WWII breaks out in Asia – China and Japan goes to war
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find more resources at oneclass.com
- US reaction
o Open Door notes and China
▪ Got an agreement in 1900
▪ Long-term significance – US declares they will protect Chinese independence and
sovereignty
o Distance and 1930s economics
▪ US having a Great Depression
▪ Lacks ability to come to the aid of China
o Aid
▪ Sent million of dollars in economic aid
• Allows china could build up their own military and pay soldiers
▪ Sending aid is cheaper than sending your military
▪ Sent over advisors from the U.S. air force
• Up to date military techniques and strategies
- Benito Mussolini in power in Italy, 1922
o Rise of fascist ideology and expansionism
o Ethiopia began invading sovereign African nations
▪ Nations asking for help
- General Francisco France and the Spanish Civil War, 1936
o Fascists vs Republicans
▪ General begins an internal civil war against the Spanish gov’t
▪ Other European countries started to get involved – an omen of what the rest of the
continent could look like
▪ Italians and Germans back Franco
▪ Soviet Union supporting the Republicans
o Large number of American volunteers
▪ US decided to stay out of the war
▪ Soviet Union
▪ Most were liberal college students
• Saw Joseph Stalin fighting against fascism
• A domestic issue in the U.S.
o Franco victory, 1939
▪ Stays in power until the 1970s
▪ A waning that things were escalating in eruope
Adolf Hitler and Germany
- 1932 election
o A democratic process
o Based on the hatred on the punitive Versailles Peace Treaty
- 1933 appointed Chancellor
o Nazi Socialist Party begins to get more power
- Expansion Westward
o Foreign policy becomes an issue for other problems
o Into lands that Germany had lost in 1919 as part of the punitive peace
o Importance: Hitler was testing the waters to see the reaction of French, British and U.S.
▪ Reaction was nothing
▪ Hitler takes this that the other countries are focused on themselves
- Austria and Czechoslovakia
o Hitler turns east
o Very little resistance in Austria
o Czechs not so willing
- The Munich Conference, 1938
o Hitler, French, British and Italian Gov’t
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find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Section ii themes based on follow topics. The origins of america"s involvement in foreign wars, 1898 to the 1970s. Spanish-american-cuban-philippine war, world war i, world war ii, korean war, cold war, vietnam: the splendid little war, april august 1898. Initially it was a statement of principle but now in action: people of cuba began to rise up against spanish. Monroe doctrine said that usa wouldn"t get involved in spanish affairs. Spain is tired of uprisings so they send a new officer. War sells, 2 major newspaper chains were owned by joseph pulitzer and william randolph hearst: give me the pictures and i"ll give you a war. Business opinion said no we don"t want war, not good for business, soldiers are workers, resources could be used at home. President mckinley: against war, hates it, fought in civil war, doesn"t want another generation of it. Sends to havana to rescue americans caught up in the conflict.
