Political Science 1020E Lecture Notes - Lecture 6: Negative Liberty, Positive Liberty, Classical Republicanism
19 Nov 2015
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Global child mortality: six million deaths annually. Cosmopolitanism: (1) all human beings are fundamentally (morally) equal and (2) justice requires impartiality. One proposal: extend principles of social justice to the entire world (e. g. focus on the globally least advantaged) Three defence of justice-based duties to the near and dear". Societies are schemes of social cooperation; justice is about distributing the cooperative surplus. Value of shared nationality: identity based on shared history, language, culture. Berlin distinguished negative liberty from positive liberty. Negative liberty is freedom from", positive liberty is freedom to". Problem: any freedom is both a freedom from and a freedom to. There is only one concept of liberty (or freedom) X is free from y to do (or become) z". X is an agent, y is an obstacle or constraint, and z is a goal or end. The observable self, the ration or higher self, or a collective self like a class or nation.
