PS102 Lecture Notes - Lecture 10: Content Validity, Metacognition, Theory Of Multiple Intelligences
Chapter 10: Overview
-Key concepts in intelligence testing
-Intelligence in historical perspective
-Extremes of intelligence
-Influences on intelligence
Key Concepts in Intelligence Testing
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Intelligence = the ability to learn and to meet the demands of the environment effectively !
Metacognition = the ability to understand and control one’s mental activities
-Keys for good intelligence tests:
–Reliability
–Validity
–Standardization
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Reliability:
–Refers to consistency in measurement
–Three types:
•Test-retest reliability
-Give same test to same group of people twice and correlate the scores
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•Internal consistency
–All of the items of the test should measure the same thing
•Interjudge reliability
–Consistency of measurement when different people score the same test
Validity:
–Refers to the accuracy of measurement
–Three types:
•Construct validity
–Does the test measure what it is supposed to measure?
•Content validity
–Do items on the test measure all knowledge that comprises the construct?
•Criterion-related validity
–How well does the test score predict criterion measures?
Standardization:
–Refers to designing the test so that your score will tell you how you did relative to the
population, if they had all taken the test under similar conditions
–Two components:
•Environment = controls for extraneous factors that could differ across testing situations
–Eg: explicit instructions & procedures, testing environment
•Norms = provides basis for interpreting your score
Intelligence in Historical Perspective
•Three primary issues in studying intelligence:
–Is intelligence unitary or multifaceted?
–Is it determined by genetic or environmental factors?
–Is it important in predicting real-life factors?
•Sir Francis Galton (1869)
–Argued mental ability is inherited
–Theory of psychophysical performance
•Tested sensory processing, motor skills, and reaction time
•Alfred Binet (early 1900’s)
–Development of the first standardized intelligence test
–Mental Age (MA) = the age at which an individual is performing intellectually
•Lewis Terman (1916)
–Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
–Used Binet’s MA to develop intelligence quotient (IQ)
IQ = (MA/CA) x 100
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Document Summary
Intelligence = the ability to learn and to meet the demands of the environment effectively. Metacognition = the ability to understand and control one"s mental activities. Give same test to same group of people twice and correlate the scores: internal consistency. All of the items of the test should measure the same thing: interjudge reliability. Consistency of measurement when different people score the same test. Does the test measure what it is supposed to measure: content validity. Do items on the test measure all knowledge that comprises the construct: criterion-related validity. Refers to designing the test so that your score will tell you how you did relative to the population, if they had all taken the test under similar conditions. Two components: environment = controls for extraneous factors that could differ across testing situations. Eg: explicit instructions & procedures, testing environment: norms = provides basis for interpreting your score. Intelligence in historical perspective: three primary issues in studying intelligence:
