ADMS 3422 Lecture Notes - Lecture 12: Canadian Union Of Public Employees, Dual Role, Monopsony

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coffeegrasshopper461

7 Apr 2019

School

York University

Department

Administrative Studies

Course

ADMS 3422

Professor

Ping Peng

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Document Summary

The public sector is the part of the economy concerned with providing various governmental services. The composition of the public sector varies by country, and includes such services as the military, police, infrastructure, public transit, public education, along with health care and those working for the government itself, such as elected officials. The public sector might provide services that a non-payer cannot be excluded from (such as street lighting), services which benefit all of society rather than just the individual who uses the service. An item or service that is provided without profit to all members of a society, either by the government or a private individual or organization for the benefit or well-being of the public. An item whose consumption does not reduce the amount available for others no one is excluded justification for the monopolistic provision of some services. Union density: 74. 1% density vs. 16. 9% in private sector. Impact: largest unions in canada (cupe, nupge, psac)

Related Questions

Question 3

We saw in class that the same good can fall in different categories (public/private/club/common resource) depending on circumstances. An example of such a good would be watching a movie at the theater. If a lot of people want to watch it, the movie is a _________. If very few people want to watch it (to the point where a room could not even be filled), the movie is likely to be a _______.

A. a common resource; a public good

B. a public good; a common resource

C. a private good; a club good

D. a club good; a private good

3 points

Question 4

Which of the following statements about the free-rider problem is not true?

A. Individuals have an incentive to free-ride when the good is not excludable.

B. The kinds of goods for which the free rider problem arises are common resources and public good.

C. Markets for goods for which there is a free-rider problem are inefficient because not enough of the good is produced.

D. Goods for which the free-rider problem exists tend to be over provided relative to what would be optimal.

4 points

Question 5

To achieve the efficient provision of public goods, the

A. market should be allowed to operate without government intervention.

B. government must limit the provision of those goods.

C. government must tax producers of those goods.

D. government must either provide those goods or subsidize their production.

3 points

Question 6

Which of the following statements about public goods is not true?

A. Because people cannot be excluded from their consumption and thus have no incentive to pay for them, public goods are underprovided by the market.

B. Efficiency requires that the government provide or fund (subsidize) the provision of all public goods.

C. Efficiency requires that the government provide or fund only the public goods that create more benefits than costs to society.

D. In reality, it is hard to provide public goods efficiently.

3 points

Question 7

Public goods must be provided by the government as the market on its own will fail to provide them. However, even with government provision it is very hard to achieve efficiency. Why?

A. In reality, it is very hard (if not impossible) to accurately estimate the benefits of providing a public good.

B. A. In reality, there can be overruns in the cost of providing the public good.

C. Government decisions about which public goods to provide can be influenced by lobbying by interest groups.

D. All of the above are true.

4 points

Question 8

Which of the following is not a common resource?

A. congested roads

B. clean water

C. wild life, which hunters want to hunt and others want to view.

D. a fireworks display.

3 points

Question 9

Many species of animals must be protected by law to keep them from extinction. Why are cows not one of these endangered species even though there is such a high demand for beef?

A. Cows reproduce at a high rate and have adapted well to their environment.

B. Public policies protect cows from predators and diseases.

C. Cows are privately owned (private goods), whereas many endangered species are owned by no one (common resources).

D.There is a natural ecological balance between the birth rate of cows and human consumption.

3 points

Question 10

Which of the following statements about common resources is not true?

A. Due to the free-rider problem, common resources tend to be overused.

B. Because there is rivalry in the consumption of common resources, whenever one person uses a common resource it is imposing a negative externality on others who might also want to use it.

C. There are no private solutions to the management of common resources.

D. One of the solutions that ensures that common resources are properly managed is their privatization.

3 points

Question 11

In our analysis of the firmâs behavior and goals, when we talk about cost, we include _________, and when we talk about profit, we mean ________.

A. Explicit costs only; economic profit

B. Implicit costs only; economic profit

C. Implicit costs only; accounting profit

D. Explicit + implicit costs; economic profit

E. Explicit + implicit costs; accounting profit

3 points

Question 12

One of the differences between explicit and implicit costs is that

A. explicit costs must be greater than implicit costs.

B. explicit costs do not require a direct monetary outlay, whereas implicit costs do.

C. implicit costs do not require a direct monetary outlay, whereas explicit costs do.

D. implicit costs must be greater than explicit costs.

3 points

Question 13

Which of the following is FALSE:

A. If accounting profit is zero, then economic profit is negative

B. Economic profit takes cost the opportunity cost of time and capital into account

C. Economic Profit = Accounting Profit + Implicit Cost

D. Economic Profit = Accounting Profit â Implicit Cost

3 points

Question 14

Which of the following is an example of an implicit cost?

(i) the owner of a firm forgoing an opportunity to earn a large salary working in Wall Street

(ii) interest paid on the firm's debt

(iii) rent paid by the firm to lease office space

A. (ii) and (iii) only

B. (i) and (iii) only

C. (i) only

D. (iii) only

3 points

sapphirekangaroo316

Please answer the below questions.I only have 1 hours beforesubmit.Please!

Questions

1. Should the Federal Government question an educationalinstitution on its recruiting practices?

2. Should the Federal Government also question State and PrivateUniversityâs retention practices?

3. Shouldnât these companies be able to operate as a business-that is- making money the aggressive way?

4. Who are the stakeholders in this situation?

What is the ethical dilemma and duty in this matter

For Profit for Education? Putting Profits over PublicGood? Contd...

For-profit colleges in the US came under increased scrutiny onseveral counts. This case study describes the problems faced byâfor-profit collegesâ in the US such as high loandefault rates, vague accreditation standards, and low graduationand job placement rates. Complaints such as overpriced degrees,misleading claims, and increasing level of student debt resulted inthe government turning its attention to the entire for-profitcollege sector. According to some reports, too much taxpayer moneywas being used to generate profits for the colleges, instead ofproviding students with useful high-quality education. The casealso focuses on the alleged fraudulent practices adopted byfor-profit colleges in the US to gain access to more federalfinancial aid.

The Study

Concerned about the disproportionate percentage of federalstudent aid flowing to âfor-profit collegesâ, someanalysts began raising questions about the rapid growth of thefor-profit education sector, the aggressive recruitment ofstudents, and the value of the education provided by suchinstitutions.

There are strategies followed by âfor-profitcollegesâ in the US to attract more students. According toa report released by US Government Accountability Office (GAO),some for-profit colleges in the US were involved in deceptivepractices and had made misleading statements to prospectivestudents which included not providing clear information about thecollege's graduation rate, applicant's likely salary aftergraduation, accreditation of the school, and the duration and costsof the programs offered by the schools. This study concludes bydetailing the new regulations proposed by the federal governmentfor the âfor-profitâ education sector in order to safeguardstudents from misleading recruitment practices and incurring hugedebts, among other issues. This study also focus on studentenrollments and the methods these colleges were adopting to attractmore students.

On release of the GAO report, the shares of for-profit educationcompanies in the US, including Apollo Group Inc. (Apollo Groupâowner of University of Phoenix), DeVry Inc. (DeVry), EducationManagement Corp, and Corinthian Colleges, Inc. (Corinthian), fellsignificantly. "GAO's findings make it disturbingly clear thatabuses in âfor-profitâ recruiting are not limited to a few roguerecruiters or even a few schools with lax oversight.

To the contrary, the evidence points to a problem that issystemic to the for-profit industry,"⁹ said Tom Harkin(Harkin), Chairman, US Senate Health, Education, Labor, andPensions (HELP) Committee.

The GAO defined for-profit colleges as "institutions ofpost-secondary education that are either privately owned or ownedby a public traded company and whose net earnings can benefit ashareholder or individual."...

In May 2010, the GAO began its investigation of 15 for-profitschools in six states (Arizona, California, Florida, Illinois,Pennsylvania, and Texas and Washington, D.C (Refer to Exhibit IIIfor a list of the schools probed)...

High Tuition Fee
The report stated that the tuition fee at for-profit colleges washigh compared to similar programs at other public colleges.Investigators found that on an average, the fee for an associatedegree program was between 6 and 13 times higher at a for-profitschool than at a public college while a bachelor's degree at afor-profit college cost almost twice that in local publicinstitutions...

Deceptive Recruitment and Marketing Tactics
According to the report, campus officials of all 15 colleges misledpotential students and made deceptive statements about theirprograms' cost, quality, and duration, and the average salary ofgraduates (Refer to Exhibit V for some examples of deceptivepractices of for-profit institutions) For-profit colleges generallypaid recruiters by the number of enrollments that theygenerated...

Loan Defaults
For-profit colleges, which accounted for 10% of all collegestudents in the US as of 2009, derived three-fourth of theirrevenues from federal grants and loans. In 2009, at 14 for-profitschools, federal aid totaled 87% of revenue in 2009...

Case Study: Price Discrimination in Practice

What do American Airlines, Walgreens, Staples, Stanford University, AT&T, the Mayo Clinic, and Safeway have in com-mon? They all price discriminate (Valentino-Devries, Singer-Vine, and Soltani 2012). They charge different customers different amounts for the same product.Pharmaceutical discounts are the clearest examples of healthcare price discrimination because the products are identical. Only the prices differ. A cash customer (e.g., someone without insurance coverage) would pay the highest price, the list price. Most customers pay much less than list price. Insurers negotiate discounts with manufacturers and pharmacies. These discounts are typically about 30 percent (Herper 2012). Some hospitals and HMOs have their own pharmacies and can negotiate even better deals with manufacturers. These organizations sometimes pay as little as 40 per-cent of list price. Most discounts come in the form of rebates, meaning that a purchaser pays the list price up front but gets a payment from the seller later. This process makes resale more difficult and limits price transparency (Morgan, Daw, and Thomson 2013). The federal government has multiple discount programs. The larg-est is the Medicaid rebate program, which requires manufacturers to pay a rebate that varies by the type of drug. Prices, formularies, and copayments vary from state to state, so whether the Medicaid rebate program covers the most effective medications or gets the best prices is not clear (Millar et al. 2011). Many federally funded clinics and hospitals are eligible for the Medicaid discount. However, these agencies can often negotiate better deals because they can buy wholesale and because they can choose drugs for their formularies. Tribal and territorial governments can use the prices on the Federal Supply Schedule, which federal agencies use to buy common supplies and services. The Department of Defense, the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), the Public Health Service, and the Coast Guard may get prices that are slightly lower than the Federal Supply Schedule because of a provision called the federal ceiling price . This provision caps the price using a formula based on private-sector transactions. Finally, these agencies can try to negotiate prices below the federal ceiling price. The VA, which uses a national formulary, has used its bar-gaining power to get substantially better prices. Frakt, Pizer, and Feld-man (2012) report that the VAâs prices are 37 to 44 percent lower than Medicare prices.

Discussion questions:

â¢ Why do drug firms give discounts voluntarily?

â¢ Do other healthcare providers routinely give discounts to some customers?

â¢ Why do the uninsured typically pay the highest prices?

â¢ Why would a hospital usually get a better price for a drug than an insurance company?

â¢ Why does the VA get such low prices?

â¢ Suppose a law was enacted that required drug manufacturers to give state Medicaid agencies the same price they negotiated with the VA. How would Medicaid and VA prices change?

â¢ Should Medicare adopt the VA formulary?

ADMS 3422 Lecture Notes - Lecture 12: Canadian Union Of Public Employees, Dual Role, Monopsony

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