HUMA 2600 Lecture 14: Lecture 14 Theories of History TEXT

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orchidbutterfly500

13 Feb 2017

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Two ways of thinking about history: it is very important. History screws us up, just as past traumas impede an individual. If history is not important, what is? (1) the (this) moment; (2) the future; (3) the transcendent. As such it is in contrast to individualist theories of knowledge such as empiricism and. Voltaire: history is only the register of crimes and misfortunes. Churchill (and many others): history is written by the victors. Jefferson: i like the dreams of the future better than the history of the past. Gandhi: a small body of determined spirits fired by an unquenchable faith in their mission can alter the course of history. Twain: the very ink with which history is written is merely fluid prejudice. (henry) ford: history is more or less bunk. John hope franklin: good history is a good foundation for a better present and future. Today, (cid:498)historicism(cid:499) is an influential view, at least in the area of culture.

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Economists use economic models to guide their thinking in regards explaining and predicting that which is otherwise unknown. These models are generalizations that rest on assumptions we use in creating a simplified setting, where only that which is most-pertinent is allowed to come into play directly, and at the same time, that which is not pertinent is rendered excluded by being held constant. Simply put, if you change your founding assumptions, you change the model for you have changed the simplified setting. If you change a variable that is included directly into the model, you can then assume the variable changes marginally then trace out the effects of this marginal change on the variable being explained. Similarly, If you allow a change of a variable that has been excluded, you are relaxing an assumption so you can reason out what the effects of such a change could be.

What is important to understand here, is the description I have just relayed to you describes how economists use models. It is but one example of how models are used more-generally in ALL the other sciences and social sciences. And to go a step further, it is but a description or formalization of how we in an all-inclusive sense use assumptions when we are reasoning about that which we reason about. Our assumptions are our foundations for our thoughts about all that we consider in our efforts towards understanding the world in which we live and the people, both individually and collectively inclusive of their institutions, with whom we come into contact.

Using this knowledge, describe what you think are the dangers to our thinking and actions based on our thinking of our using simplifying assumptions that are wholly untrue or are too strong, too constricting, are way too over-generalizing. Choose whatever context you wish and provide an example. Then describe why having at the very least a small measure of skepticism may be considered healthy for one's own sake and the sake of others.

read it and write down your ideas

Even though they have been doing it all their lives, people need to study communication simply because it is so complex. As stated in chapter 3 of the book, we all perceive things differently and "perception and communication influence each other, perception shapes our understanding of others' communication and the choices we make in our own communication" (pg. 41). For the reason that the choices we make and the ways that we view things/situations are changing everyday, communication between two individuals also changes and becomes more complex. Though we can communicate in general, how we communicate and what we communicate depends on how we perceive the world around us, making communication not as simple as it seems. As humans, we create broad categories of things (prototypes) and place people into them (Wood pg. 43). We then go on to create a more detailed assessment (a personal construct) where we measure a person or situation with a certain dimension of judgment (Wood pg. 43). We also place people and situations into stereotypes by making predictive generalizations or simply predicting what the personal/situation will be like or what will happen (Wood pg. 43). With all of these components to a basic path of communicating with others, it's hard to not see why we would study our complex underlying system of human communication. Not only do we make assumptions, but we base our thoughts/actions off of those assumptions which can then all be interpreted differently among various individuals. We study communication to try and dissect all of these interpretations and perceptions of others "to make sense of experience and to predict how we and others will act" (Wood pg. 45). Sometimes we follow a script or just simply act a specific way in a specific situation (like greeting someone and telling them your name) (Wood pg. 45). However, not everyone follows these scripts which just adds to the complexity of communication between us all.

Need help please I have 287 words I need it to be 300 words the is below.

Nonconformity, to me, is a condition of being in which one has a sense of pride and poses about themselves. This is not to be mistaken with arrogance, but with a type of humility that provides certainty and clarity to decisions and actions. While reading Ralph Waldo Emerson's essay "Self-Reliance," I began to believe that what he refers to as nonconformity would be known as "Independence" today. This type of Independence is focused on one's ability to detach themselves from their surroundings, people, situation, and relationships. In this life, we are taught numerous things that are labeled, but no one ever questions why those labels are there. Thinking outside the box is frowned upon, and what we heard many times in primary school was "work the issue exactly as you see it in the back book, there is only one method to solve this problem," which seemed strange to those who devised several ways to offer answers. To me, the concept of nonconformity appears to be very essential since I feel that individuals require this level of comfort and independence to grow and never be molded or sculpted to the favor of others. Nonconformity, I believe, is the very thing that allows a person to be human and express their feelings, lifestyles, and liberties. While reading Emerson's article, I also understood that one should not surrender oneself to those who seek to dominate them and take away our authority. This provides that individual authority, which can stifle one's spiritual, mental, and physical progress. We should search for and try to be unique, never wishing to be like others, since we are who we are. We are all human beings in our own right.

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HUMA 2600 Lecture 14: Lecture 14 Theories of History TEXT

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