MODR 1730 Lecture Notes - Lecture 17: Logical Reasoning

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burgundybuffalo386

18 Jan 2016

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Good can be sound and cogent (sound-deductive form is valid and premise is true cogent-inductive applies to inductive strong and premise to be true or very likely to be true) ex. Your dog is has eyes (true p and conclusion but invalid because it is missing form) Bad is unsound or lacks cogency (form is invalid, going to be unsound) Little evidence is weak; a lot of evidence is strong. Most times, science uses induction. (process of building inductive arguments)

Related Questions

1. Consider the following argument: All fish can swim. You are a fish. Therefore, you can swim. Which of the following best describes this argument?

A. It is valid but unsound.

B. It is valid and sound.

C. It is invalid and unsound.

D. It is inductively weak.

2. In a valid deductive argument: (circle the correct answer)

A. the premises must all be true.

B. it is impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion false.

C. the premises must be false if the conclusion is false.

D. it is impossible for the premises and the conclusion to be false together.

sangriagoose906

A statement that is necessarily false, or a group of statements that, taken together, are inconsistent. A) Division B) Suppression C) Questionable Cause D) Contradiction 2. An attack on oneâs opponent rather than oneâs opponentâs argument. A) Faulty Comparison B) Categorical Proposition C) False Dilemma D) Ad Hominem Argument 3. Consciously believing at a deeper level what we know to be dubious. A) Mood B) Conclusion C) Self-Deception D) Irrelevant Reason 4. A limited perspective shaped by the ideas, interests, and kinds of behavior favored by the groups with which we identify. A) Provincialism B) Delusional C) Composition D) Tokenism 5. Drawing conclusions about a population on the basis of a sample that is too small to be a reliable measure of that population. A) Minor Term B) Small Sample C) Suppressed Evidence D) Rationalization 6. Is the following argument valid or invalid? If valid, explain whether it is deductive or inductive. If invalid, explain why: âMr. Michaels believes that he is the only person on the ballot capable of running our town. He says so time and again in his campaign speeches and ads. What he fails to mention is that he is an alcoholic womanizer with no scruples. Who in their right mind could vote for that?â HTML Editor 7. The fallacy in which it is assumed parts of an item have a particular property because the item as a whole has that property. A) Premise B) Indirect Proof C) Division D) Unrepresentative Sample 8. The fallacious drawing of a conclusion from relevant but insufficient evidence. A) Appeal to Authority B) Hasty Conclusion C) Loyalty D) Middle Term 9. Valid reasoning from justified (warranted) premises that include all likely relevant information. A) Guilt by Association B) Indirect Proof C) Cogent Reasoning D) Contradiction 10. A comparison of one thing to another based on a perceived similarity. A) Indirect Proof B) Analogy C) Two Wrongs Make a Right D) Questionable Cause 11. Is the following argument valid or invalid? If valid, explain whether it is deductive or inductive. If invalid, explain why: âMrs. Kelvin has accused me of intentionally denting her rear fender. I neither confirm nor deny this, however in telling her story she leaves out an important point. As we were both leaving our driveways that morning, I backed onto the street first. She saw this and then deliberately pulled in front of my vehicle as I was preparing to continue down the street. Mrs. Kelvin intended to cut me off, so what happened to her car was entirely her fault.â HTML Editor 12. Is the following argument valid or invalid? If valid, explain whether it is deductive or inductive. If invalid, explain why: âAfter careful consideration, it is the determination of the board that free soda will no longer be provided in the break room. Before making this decision, a survey was distributed amongst all members of the upper management to determine their opinion on the matter. Based on the majority of responses, it was evident that withdrawing the free soda will not have any significant negative effect on morale.â HTML Editor 13. Use of a term in a passage to mean one thing in one place and something else in another. A) Cogent Reasoning B) Superstition C) Equivocation D) Inconsistent

1. If a strong argument has a false conclusion, then not all its premises can be true.

True

False

2. Reference works, such as dictionaries and encyclopedias, are completely reliable sources of information, otherwise, they wouldn't be reference works.

True

False

3. You are rationally justified in accepting the view of the majority of experts in a given subject, even if this view turns out later to have been incorrect.

True

False

4. If someone has given bad reasons for a claim's acceptance, the claim should always be rejected.

True

False

5. If no reasons have been given for a claim's acceptance, the claim should always be rejected.

True

False

6. If you have reason to believe that an expert is biased, you should reject that expert's claim as false.

True

False

7. If we 'suspend judgment' on a claim, then we think the claim is false.

True

False

8. Our most reliable source of information about the world is our own observations.

True

False

9. Media consolidation (otherwise known as "media concentration") refers to the process of larger companies buying up smaller media companies.

True

False

10. Choose the answer that best characterizes the following passage: "The ensemble played an encore at last year's concert, and I'm pretty sure they played one the year before as well. So they will most likely play an encore at this year's concert."

This passage is neither an attempt at an argument nor an attempt at an explanation. It is just a series of claims.

This passage is an explanation.

This passage is an attempt at a deductive argument.

This passage is an attempt at an inductive argument.

11. Choose the answer that best characterizes the following passage: "Sheila's clarinet must be French. It's a Leblanc, and all Leblanc instruments are made in France."

This passage is neither an argument nor an explanation.

This passage is a deductive argument.

This passage is an inductive argument.

This passage is both deductive and inductive.

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MODR 1730 Lecture Notes - Lecture 17: Logical Reasoning

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