PSYC 2020 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Oppositional Defiant Disorder
PSYC 2020 Lecture 2 Notes
Introduction
Industrialization Cities
• The groups were from two industrialized cities in Brazil: Pôrto Alegre in the south and
Rio de Janeiro in the southeast.
• Because children and adolescents diagnosed with ADHD in Canada and the United
States are typically depressed, defiant, or anxious, the researchers conducting the study
wondered whether ethnic and cultural factors might be associated with differences in
the kinds of emotional troubles and disorders that accompany ADHD.
• The results revealed that the patterns of disorders associated with ADHD did not differ
between the two geographic regions.
• Oppositional defiant disorder was the most common co-diagnosis for both regions, and
depressive and anxiety disorders occurred among children from the two groups at about
the same rates.
• Results from the Brazilian study were congruent with results from similar studies in the
United States and other countries.
• Therefore, it appears that, among children and adolescents from diverse cultures in
developing and industrialized nations, the pattern of emotional disorders accompanying
ADHD is quite stable.
• Other investigators who favor the cross-cultural approach are looking for differences
rather than similarities.
• They recognize that human beings develop in societies that have very different ideas
about issues such as the proper times and procedures for disciplining children, the
activities that are most appropriate for boys and for girls, the time at which childhood
ends and adulthood begins, the treatment of the aged, and countless other aspects of
life (Fry, 1996).
• They have also learned that people from various cultures differ in the ways they
perceive the world, express their emotions, think, and solve problems.
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