PSYC 2110 Lecture Notes - Lecture 8: Parenting Styles, William Damon, Diana Baumrind
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Published on 21 Apr 2013
Department
Psychology
Course
PSYC 2110
Professor
Class Notes – December 2nd, 2010
Parent and Peer Relationships
1
- Dual connection of connectedness and separateness that begins from the moment of birth and remains with us
through life
- 2 social worlds of childhood: 1) adults 2) peers
- Different types of goals/interactions/relationships with the parents and peers
Parenting Styles and Preschool Children
Diana Baumrind, 1967, ’69, ’71. ’73. ‘77
- Comprehensive study of child rearing practices
- Different parental behaviour, and children’s success in adapting their everyday activity
- Adaptive traits = assume all parents to encourage their children
- These traits are called instrumental competence (goals to want children to be instrumentally competent)
Instrumental competence
Social responsibility = friendly, not hostile to other. Facilitative and not disruptive of others work. Cooperative.
Participating in a positive way
Independence = behaviour which is ascendant rather than submissive, purposeive as opposed to aimless, self-
determining as opposed to conforming
Achievement orientation = achieve academically, seek intellectual stimulation and challenges, and try to solve
problems in a persistent and efficient way, as opposed to in impulse
Vitality = child will have a certain level of biological energy and vigorous appearance
- Interested to see what parenting skills to promote instrumental competence
4 dimensions of parents
Parental Control
o Display in parents’ active attempt to influence child’s behaviour
o Parental standards, can be a measure of disciplines
Clarity of communication
o Offering reasons for any restrictive measures that are taken
o Listening to the children’ opinion and feelings when family decisions are being made
Maturity Demand
o Parental pressure in order for children to behave in an appropriate way (emotionally academically
socially) – expectations parents have for the children
Nurturance
o Warmth, involvement in caretaking, parents express concerns for the child’s wellbeing and pleasure in
child’s accomplishment
- Find clusters of these dimensions that go together
Class Notes – December 2nd, 2010
Parent and Peer Relationships
2
Control (Hi/Lo) Clarity of Communication (Hi/Lo) Demand (Hi/Lo) Nurturance (Hi/Lo)
Authoritarian = control, military
Authoritative = well-disciplined, explains the conditions of the rewards/punishments
Permission = spoil the child
Neglecting = no concern with child
Control
Clarity of
Communication
Maturity of Demand
Nurturance
Authoritarian
High
Low
High
Low
Authoritative
High
High
High
High
Permissive/Laissez-
faire
Low
High
Low
High
Neglecting
Low
Low
Low
Low
- Uni-directional model (parenting style and results on the parents)
Authoritarian parents
- Children are WITHDRAWN = mood is low, low on peer affiliation, low on approach, low on self-reliance, low in
self-control
- Sex difference: (girls) = more dependent on parents, lack achievement motivation (boys) = less likely to develop
self-reliance, and more likely to be angry and hostile
Authoritative parents
- Children are COMPETENT = high in mood/vitality, high in self-reliance, high on approach, high on self-control
- Sex difference: (girls) = more self reliance and self motivation than the boys, more resistant towards their
parents, more challenging (boys) = friendly and cooperative
Permissive parents
- Children are IMMATURE = low on self-reliance, low on self-control, low on approach
- Sex difference: similar to those of authoritarian parenting, but mood tend to be higher
Methodological Problems/Limitations
- Sampling procedure: started with 110 children, but in the end, sample size was 32 children (only wanted
children in the study who demonstrated the clear-cut parenting styles and behaviour)
- Never addresses whether the parenting style of the mother is the same of the father (any incongruity of
parenting style of parents)
- Had a sample of white middle class families (sample)
- Assume uni-directional model, from parent to the children, without taking the account of children’s
temperament and intellectual capability which might affect parents’ behaviour to them (should be more
transactional)
- Only studied the children up to age 8, don’t know if parenting styles have different effects on children as they
reach puberty or adolescence
- Correlational of parent style and children’s behaviour
Lauren Steinberg, Dornbusch, Brown, Mounts, Lamborn = studied 14000 children across US in longitudinal study
(children highschool) address to problems of Baumrind’s short experiment
Document Summary
Dual connection of connectedness and separateness that begins from the moment of birth and remains with us through life. 2 social worlds of childhood: 1) adults 2) peers. Different types of goals/interactions/relationships with the parents and peers. Different parental behaviour, and children"s success in adapting their everyday activity. Adaptive traits = assume all parents to encourage their children. These traits are called instrumental competence (goals to want children to be instrumentally competent) Social responsibility = friendly, not hostile to other. Independence = behaviour which is ascendant rather than submissive, purposeive as opposed to aimless, self- determining as opposed to conforming. Achievement orientation = achieve academically, seek intellectual stimulation and challenges, and try to solve problems in a persistent and efficient way, as opposed to in impulse. Vitality = child will have a certain level of biological energy and vigorous appearance. Interested to see what parenting skills to promote instrumental competence.