BIOL-2220 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Axon Terminal, Positive Feedback, Excitatory Synapse

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23 Jan 2018

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Threshold: an unstable moment when sodium and potassium movements are equal, when membrane depolarize 15-20 mv, when outward flow of potassium is equal to inward flow of sodium. Factors affecting speed of impulse: temperature, higher the temp the higher the speed of conduction, diameter of the axon, the larger the axon the faster the speed of transmission, degree of myelination. Section 6: more rare form of synapse, the faster synapse, gap junctions form between the adjacent cells no directionality, both cells end of synapsing no matter which one is stimulated first, chemical, use nt. Mechanism to remove nt: enzymatic degradation, something the post synaptic neuron does, resorption by presynaptic neuron. Section 6: calcium has to un-attach, nt is absorbed back to presynaptic neuron, simple diffusion, never makes it to the postsynaptic neuron. Possible results: facilitation, depolarizing postsynaptic membrane but not enough to get action potential, (e>i)

Related Questions

How does spacing apart sodium and potassium channels allow theaction potential to travel faster down the axon? This is the reasonalways cited for saltatory conduction and myelination, but mymental model of conduction tells me that the density of ion gatesalong the axon should not affect the speed of the AP.

To illustrate, consider a myelinated axon. A wave of Na+ fromaction potential site 1, a node of Ranvier, rushes into and quicklydiffuses down the axon. (It travels in both directions, butbackwards is still in the refractory period.) It diffuses throughthe myelinated region, its concentration always diminishing. Beforeit attenuates too much, however, it happens upon node of Ranvier 2,where it triggers another action potential. A new wave of Na+rushes in and the cycle repeats. This should be plain so far.

Now imagine that there is actually a node of Ranvier halfwaybetween node 1 and 2, called node 1.5. The wave of Na+, on its wayto node 2, happens to trigger an action potential at node 1.5, fromwhich a wave of Na+ pours in and either boosts the original wave orreplaces it by taking its momentum. Now the reinforced waveproceeds to node 2 and triggers it just as soon as, perhaps evensooner than, if node 1.5 had not existed. Repeatedly insert nodesat higher densities until the situation is simply lack ofmyelination, and we conclude that unmyelinated axons can transmitan action-potential-triggering wave of Na+ as fast as or fasterthan a myelinated one.

In short, my point of confusion is this: I cannot seehow a higher density of gated channels can possibly slow down thewavefront of Na+ that triggers action potentials. Ifanything, the additional influxes of Na+ should speed up theall-important wavefront, assuming that new waves really "eitherboost the original wave or replace it by taking its momentum", andalso assuming that the wavefront of Na+ is really all-important forsignal transmission, and also assuming that the mere presence of(voltage?) gated ion channels in the membrane does notsignificantly retard the wavefront.

But the usual explanation for why saltatory conduction is fasterthan continuous conduction (a fact I hope is empirically andunambiguously established) relies on the putativeslowing effect of ion channels on the signal fore. Please explainthis effect in more detail, if it is not amisconception.

Santiago Ramon y Cajalâs theory of dynamic polarization refers to the:

(a)membrane potential of a neuron at rest.

(b)membrane potential of a neuron firing action potentials.

(c)opening and closing of gated channels in the membrane.

(d)one way flow of information in neurons from dendrites to axon terminals.

(e)one way flow of information in neurons from axon terminals to dendrites.

Over the course of scientific history, there are many examples of scientists reaching the right conclusion for the wrong reasons. When Schwann first proposed that the nervous system was made of individual cells, he based it on observations of:

(a)synapses.

(b)dendrites

(c)axon terminals.

(d)astrocytes.

(e)Nodes of Ranvier.

The synaptic cleft was finally seen in the 1950s. What prevented scientists from seeing it earlier?

(a)The resolution of the light microscope.

(b)They were looking in the wrong place.

(c)Their tissue was not appropriately stained.

(d)Myelination of the axons.

(e)all of the above

The resting membrane potential of a neuron is approximately:

(a) +65 V

(b) +65 mV

(d) -65 mV

What is largely responsible for the resting membrane potential in a neuron?

(a)Axonal insulation by myelin

(b)Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels

(c)The Action Potential

(d)Potassium Leak Channels

Which of the following would DECREASE the propagation velocity of an action potential down an axon?

(a)Increase in axon diameter

(b)Increase myelination between nodes of Ranvier

(c)Remove myelination between nodes of Ranvier

(d)Decrease density of voltage-gated Na+ channels except at the Nodes of Ranvier

The resting membrane potential of a neuron can be estimated using the:

(a)Nernst equation

(b)Goldman equation

(c)Hodgkin and Huxley equation

(d)Ohmâs law

18. What would happen to the resting membrane potential of a neuron if you added K+ to the extracellular fluid?

(a)Resting membrane potential would increase (become more positive)

(b)Resting membrane potential would decrease (become more negative)

(c)Resting membrane potential would not change

(d)Resting membrane potential would be abolished

. Which of the following statements is FALSE for Graded Potentials

(a)Magnitude changes with magnitude of triggering stimulus

(b)Magnitude decreases with distance from initial site

(c)Cannot be summed

(d)No refractory period

In the nervous system, the strength of the stimulus is coded into:

(a)The frequency of action potentials generated

(b)The amplitude of action potentials generated

(c)Both the frequency and amplitude of action potentials generated

(d)The duration of individual action potentials generated

Ion movement during both the depolarization and repolarization phases of an action potential are the result of:

(a)active transport pumps along the neuron membrane.

(b)diffusion of ions down their electrochemical concentration gradients.

(c)negative feedback loops.

(d)All of the above

At the peak of the action potential, the membrane potential is:

(a)Exactly at the Na+ equilibrium potential

(b)Greater (more positive) than the Na+ equilibrium potential

(c)Above 0 mV but less positive than the Na+ equilibrium potential

(d)0 mV

BIOL-2220 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Axon Terminal, Positive Feedback, Excitatory Synapse

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