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11:115:301 Lecture Notes - Lecture 12: Rossmann Fold, Acetaldehyde, Pyruvic Acid

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whitecheetah719
22 Sep 2019
School
Rutgers University
Department
Biochemistry
Course
11:115:301
Professor
Murphy

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Document Summary

3 irreversible reactions all kinase reactions. Nadh generated by the oxidation of g3p consumed in reduction of acetaldehyde to ethanol. Get rid of reduced nadh reduce pyruvate to lactate. If it stays as nadh poisons the cell. Pyruvate metabolized to co2 and water through citric acid cycle + etc. The regeneration of nad+ in the reduction of pyruvate to lactate or ethanol sustains the process of glycolysis in anaerobic conditions. The reduction of acetaldehyde to ethanol by nadh catalyzed by alcohol. Catalyzes the reduction of pyruvate by nadh to form lactate. Galactose + fructose can be funneled into the glycolytic pathway. No catabolic pathways for metabolizing fructose must convert fructose into metabolite of glucose. Main site of fructose metabolism = liver. Fructose 1-phosphate glyceraldehyde + dihydroxyacetone phosphate. Must be converted to metabolites of glucose. Galactose 1-phosphate acquires uridyl group from uridine diphosphate glucose udp-galactose + glucose 1-phosphate. Gal 1-p enters and glu 1-p leaves.

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Related Questions

Q1:

Enzymes are essential for the conversion of organic molecules in biochemical pathways. Which of the following statements is incorrect?

Enzymes reduce the activation energy of chemical reactions.

Enzymes are catalysts and appear unchanged at the end of the reaction.

Enzymes change the equilibrium of a reaction.

Enzymes form a complex with the substrate.

Enzymes facilitate both the conversion of substrates into products and of products into substrates.

Q2:

NADH and NADPH are important energy carriers in biochemical pathways. Which of the following statements about these compounds is incorrect?

NADP+ is reduced by two electrons (involving 2 protons) from photosystem I to form NADPH + H+.

NADH is produced both during glycolysis and in the TCA cycle.

NADH feeds electrons into the respiratory chain of mitcohondria, which are ultimately used to form water.

In the absence of oxygen NADH produced during glycolysis is reoxidised by formation of lactate from pyruvate or by formation of ethanol from acetaldehyde (fermentation).

The majority of NADH produced during oxidation of glucose (in the presence of oxygen) is generated during glycolysis.

Q3:

The respiratory chain converts the reducing power of NADH into the production of ATP. Which of the following statements is incorrect?

Electrons are passed through the respiratory chain in a way to optimise the production of heat.

The complexes of the respiratory chain use the energy of redox reactions to pump protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

The ATP synthase uses the protonmotive force to synthesize ATP.

The principle of energy conversion by respiratory chain and ATP synthase is called “chemiosmosis”.

The electrons from NADH are passed along the respiratory chain in a number of redox reactions mostly involving complexes

1. Which of the following is common to both aerobic and anaerobicmicrobes?
Fermentation
An electron transport chain
Pyruvate oxidation
Glycolysis
All of the above
2. The primary purpose of catabolism is
generation of ADP.
generation of ATP.

oxidation of NADH to NAD+.
degradation of organic molecules.
biosynthesis.
3. What is a fate of pyruvate during alcoholic fermentation byyeast?
It is reduced to lactic acid.
It is oxidized to form glucose and carbon dioxide
It is cleaved to form acetylaldehyde and carbon dioxide.
It is catabolized in glycolysis.
It is oxidized to form lactic acid and carbon dioxide.
4. Electrons needed to reduce an oxidized electron acceptor areprovided by
a) externally provided compounds such asH<sub>2</sub>, lactate or formate.
b) an intermediate electron carrier such as NADH.
c) 0<sub>2</sub>.
d) Both a and b
e) All of the above
5. How are aerobic respiration and anaerobic respirationsimilar?
Both use oxygen as a terminal electron carrier.
These are other names for glycolysis.
Both utilize inorganic molecules as terminal electronacceptors.
Neither receives electrons from glycolysis.
Anaerobic respiration does not exist in microbes.
6. The conversion of phosphoenolpyruvic acid (PEP) topyruvate
a) releases CO<sub>2</sub>.
b) involves the conversion of ADP and ATP.
c) involves substrate-level phosphorylation.
d) Both a and b
e) Both b and c
7. Which of the following is the best definition offermentation?
The reduction of glucose to pyruvic acid

The complete catabolism of glucose to CO2 andH2O
The oxidation of a carbohydrate with organic molecules servingas electron donors and acceptors
The production of ATP from glucose
The production of ethanol from glucose
8. A reaction that yields energy has a
positive ?Go?.
negative ?Go?.
positive ?Eo?.
negative ?Eo?.
negative ?Ho?.
9. Oxidation and reduction reactions are always coupledbecause
a) electrons generally accompany protons.
b) protons generally accompany protons.
c) electrons cannot exist free in solution.
d) Both a and b
e) All of the above
10. Which of the following is true of aerobic respiration?
It involves the reduction of oxygen.
It involves the oxidation of oxygen.
It involves the reduction of lactic acid.
It involves the oxidation of lactic acid.
It does not generate ATP.

_____What is added to a molecule such as ADP when it is phosphorylated?

_____ An anaerobic process in which pyruvate is converted to lactate

_____ A biochemical process that breaks down food molecules to produce other molecules for cellular maintenance.

_____What is the final end product of Glycolysis?

_____ Refers to the potential energy provided by a large hydrogen-cation concentration gradient, and it’s movement across a biological membrane during chemiosmosis.

_____ A molecule that transfers or shuttles electrons during redox reactions.

_____ An organism that can survive in the presence or absence of oxygen.

_____ A type of enzyme that teams with NAD+ to remove hydrogen atoms with their electrons.

_____ The loss of electrons from one molecule to another.

_____ A process in which ATP is produced using the energy stored in concentration gradients.

_____ The products produced during a biochemical reaction that fall between the starting molecule and the end product.

_____ Biochemical process in which a glucose molecule is degraded to two pyruvates.

_____ Short for “reduction/oxidation” reactions

_____How many pyruvate molecules are produced from a single Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate?

_____ The formation of ATP occurring when an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from an organic molecule to ADP.

_____ Organisms that will die in the presence of oxygen.

_____ A term referring to the presence of oxygen.

_____ A series of electron-carrier molecules that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP.

_____ A biochemical process in which pyruvate is produced without the presence of oxygen.

20._____ The metabolic cycle that is fueled by Acetyl CoEnzyme A; occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria and supplies most of the NADH molecules that carry energy to the electron transport chain.

_____What is the chemical formula for Cellular Respiration?

_____What environmental condition is necessary for Anaerobic Respiration to occur?

_____Where does the Electron Transport Chain occur in the mitochondria?

_____Where does Glycolysis occur in a cell?

_____ An anaerobic process in which CO2 is released as a byproduct and ethanol is produced as a product.

_____Where does the Krebs cycle occur in the mitochondria?

_____ The gain of electrons from one molecule to another.

_____ A high-energy fuel molecule that begins the Citric Acid Cycle.

_____What condition is necessary of Aerobic Respiration to occur?

_____ A term referring to the absence of oxygen.

_____What compound is derived from B vitamins, and helps the Acetyl portion of Acetyl CoA into the Krebs Cycle?

_____What is the name of the molecule that channels protons, providing the energy necessary to phosphorylate ADP to ATP?

_____In the blank, write the number of ATP’s that can be synthesized from 3 NADH molecules.

_____In the blank, write the number of ATP’s that can be synthesized from a single FADH2 molecule.

_____What is the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration?

_____What molecule is regenerated during the process of the Krebs Cycle?

_____What enzyme is used to catalyzed the reaction that occurs during the formation of Acetyl CoA?

_____How many pyruvates are produced from a single glucose molecule?

_____How many Acetyl CoA molecules are produced from a single glucose molecule?

_____What is the reduced form of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide?

_____What is the oxidized form of Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide?

42._____ A membrane protein that is used in conjunction with chemiosmosis to produced ATP.

I know that this alot of questions, but it's kinda a last ditch effort. these are the last 42 definitions i have left to answer out of 500 question for my final exam study guide. so whatever help i can get is fine. No explanations needed just what each definition is explaining and thanks in advance ladies and gentlemen.