B MGT 341 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Conscientiousness, Extraversion And Introversion, Problem Solving
Individual Differences and Emotions
Individual Differences (IDs)
• Broad category used to collectively describe the vast number of attributes that describe a
person
• Individual differences affect many individual-level work outcomes, including job performance,
job satisfaction, turnover, OCBs and CWBs
• Some differences are relatively stable over time and across situations and are difficult to change
• Other differences may vary by time or even by place
Relatively fixed
o Intelligence
o Cognitive abilities
o Personality
More variable over time
o Core self-evaluations
▪ Self-esteem
▪ Emotional stability
▪ Locus of control
▪ Self-efficacy
o Attitudes
o Emotions
Implications of IDs for Managers
• Managers have little or no impact on fixed IDs:
o Intelligence
o Personality
• Managers can help employees manage:
o Attitudes
o Emotions
• Managers have more influence on relatively flexible IDs that influence individual-level work
outcomes:
o Performance
o Job satisfaction
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