BISC 102 Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Energy Carrier, Glycolysis, Pyruvic Acid

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turquoisetrout108

24 Aug 2016

School

Department

Biology

Course

BISC 102

Professor

Copp

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Monday, September 14, 2015

Bisc 102-3

Ch 6

-How do cells release energy?

-All plants and animals as well as many microbes use food (such as glucose) and

oxygen gas to produce ATP an energy carrier used to power cell activities. No cell can

survive without a steady supply of ATP

-ATP powers nearly every activity that requires energy:

•Synthesis of DNA/RNA/ proteins/ carbohydrates and lips

•active transport

•separation of chromosomes during cell division

•muscle contraction

-All cells need ATP but don’t produce it in the same way.

•Aerobic cellular respiration —> uses oxygen and glucose to generate ATP.

-humans create ATP in this way

-makes 36 ATP per glucose molecule

•fermentation —> generate ATP from glucose without oxygen

-when exercising, cells don’t always get as much oxygen as it needs so it

switches to fermentation. does not create ATP as efﬁciently though

-when you get tired there’s lactic acid build up

-makes 2 ATP. very inefﬁcient

-Cell respiration is made of three parts:

•Glycolysis - 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 Pyruvate

-takes places outside of the mitochondria in the cytoplasm

-breaking down glucose

-does not require oxygen

-glycolysis requires an input of two ATP to activate glucose. the ATP gives glucose

phosphates.

-once you have an active glucose molecule you split it

-each of the 3 carbon molecules proceeds to the energy extraction reactions of

glycolysis

-ﬁrst each 3 carbon molecule is oxidized producing NADH (electron carriers)

-each 3 carbon molecule donates its phosphate groups to ADP molecules

producing ATP molecules. produces 4 total.

-leave a 3carbon molecule known as pyruvate

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Document Summary

All plants and animals as well as many microbes use food (such as glucose) and oxygen gas to produce atp an energy carrier used to power cell activities. No cell can survive without a steady supply of atp. Atp powers nearly every activity that requires energy: synthesis of dna/rna/ proteins/ carbohydrates and lips, active transport, separation of chromosomes during cell division, muscle contraction. All cells need atp but don"t produce it in the same way: aerobic cellular respiration > uses oxygen and glucose to generate atp. Makes 36 atp per glucose molecule: fermentation > generate atp from glucose without oxygen. When exercising, cells don"t always get as much oxygen as it needs so it switches to fermentation. does not create atp as ef ciently though. When you get tired there"s lactic acid build up. Cell respiration is made of three parts: glycolysis - 2 atp, 2 nadh, 2 pyruvate. Takes places outside of the mitochondria in the cytoplasm.

Related Questions

1.When something appears blue, it is absorbing all colors except__________.

yellow

blue

red

green

orange

2.During heavy exercise, lactic acid can build up in ourmuscles. Why? How does this resemble the metabolism of bacteria andyeast?

lactic acid is results from insufficient oxygen during sugarmetabolism; it is fermentation

lactic acid accumulates when we are dehydrated; bacteria andyeast use the same pathway

lactic acid is built up from carbon dioxide; bacteria and yeaststore energy in this way

3.Why must a cell keep a similar concentration of dissolvedsubstances with the fluid surrounding them?

to avoid dilution of potential energy

to avoid osmotic imbalance and rapid gain or loss of water

to maintain the correct amount of dehydration and hydrolysis

4.What is entropy?

the amount of energy in a system

the amount of disorganization

the amount of organization

5.Burning a log is the reverse reaction found in photosynthesis.What products would be formed in burning a log?

carbon dioxide and water

glucose and oxygen

oxygen and carbon dioxide

oxygen and water

6.The main reason that cellular respiration needs to occur stepby step instead of a single, big reaction is

cells don't store enough oxygen

too much energy would be released for the cell to harness

cells don't have many mitochondria.

cells produce the enzymes needed for cellular respiration veryslowly

7.Enzymes are catalysts because they operate to:

raise activation energy

lower activation energy

supply activation energy

supply the reactants

8.When ATP powers a reaction it becomes ADP. The ADP

can reform ATP by an exergonic reaction

is a waste product for lysosomal breakdown

can reform ATP by an endergonic reaction

can reform ATP by an oxidation reaction

can reform ATP by an equilibrium reaction

9.The energy source that drives photosynthesis is

water

glucose

carbon dioxide

oxygen

sunlight

10. What is the process by which enzymes regulate their ownactivity?

osmosis

self-propulsion

feedback inhibition

11.Coupled reactions are reactions in which a

endergonic reaction drives a spontaneous reaction

exergonic reaction drives a spontaneous reaction

endergonic reaction drives an exergonic reaction

exergonic reaction drives an endergonic reaction

12.How is water used in photosynthesis?

as a substrate for ATP synthase

as an electron donor

to combine with ADP forming ATP

as an electron acceptor

13.Why are the âDark Reactionsâ of photosynthesis referred to asâDarkâ?

they do not require light

they can only occur at night

they generate excess sugar and the leaves turn brown

14.What is the difference between potential and kineticenergy?

potential is stored, kinetic is being used

potential is being used, kinetic is ready to be used

potential is negative, kinetic is positive

15.The products of cellular respiration are

carbon dioxide, water, and ATP

glucose, water, and ATP

glucose, carbon dioxide, and ATP

oxygen, ATP, and water

carbon dioxide, glucose, and water

16.All of the following are correct about energy except:

The biological world gets its energy from the sun.

Chemical bonds store potential energy.

A boulder perched on a hill has kinetic energy.

Energy is defined as the ability to do work.

All forms of energy can be converted to heat.

17.What is needed for the end product of glycolysis, pyruvate,to enter the citric acid cycle?

More glucose for energy

ATP

Oxygen

Carbon dioxide

18.The enzyme that forms a transmembrane channel in mitochondriaand phosphorylates ADP

a carrier protein

ATP synthase

acetyl CoA

19.Fermentation is most common in

plants

microorganisms

animals

20.During adsorption of sunlight by photosystems, H+ ions aregenerated. Where do they come from? What are they used for?

from the breakdown of sugar; they help form water

water; they help form sugar

from carbon dioxide; they help dissolve NaCl

21.Glycolysis

does not use oxygen

uses oxygen

uses carbon dioxide

22.Photosynthesis is

not dependent on chlorophyll

a process that produces glucose and oxygen

a process that produces water and carbon dioxide

23.Breakdown of glucose generates many ATP molecules, each ofwhich can be used independently. Why is ATP ideally suited to powerbiological reactions?

ATP has many hydrogen bonds

ATP has enough energy to power one biological reaction

ATP readily dissolves in water

24.Objects that are not actively moving but have the capacity todo so are said to possess:

kinetic energy

entropy

potential energy

living energy

25.The first stage of cellular respiration, called ___________,takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell and needs no oxygen.

photorespiration

citric acid cycle

glycolysis

oxidation

26.Diffusion

requires energy

utilizes proteins to move molecules across a membrane

moves molecules against a concentration gradient

does not require energy

cannot occur without a membrane present

27.What is the name of the molecule on which an enzymeworks?

substrate

monomer

polymer

28.ATP contains

phenylalanine

two phosphate groups

three nitrate groups

three phosphate groups

29.How does chlorophyll function in photosynthesis?

by absorbing carbon dioxide

by absorbing the sun's energy

by absorbing water

30.Objects that are moving are said to possess:

living energy

potential energy

entropy

kinetic energy

31.The respiration pathway that evolved first is probably

glycolysis

aerobic respiration

citric acid cycle

32.The energy source for the process of photosynthesis is

oxygen

sunlight

carbon dioxide

chlorophyll

glucose

33.Burning wood generates heat and light. What type of reactionis this?

exergonic

kinetic energy

endergonic

potential energy

equilibrium

34.What is meant by a âcoupled reactionâ in terms of energy?

many poymers are built simultaneously

energy released by one reactions powers another reaction

some reactions occur in the same organelle

35.The First Law of Thermodynamics states:

energy is constantly being created by entropy events

energy can be changed from one form to another, but cannot becreated or destroyed

energy can be used and then destroyed because of entropy'sactions on it

energy can be destroyed while it is producing entropy

36.How do we dispose of the carbon derived from the glucose thatis metabolized during respiration?

by breathing out

via our urine

it is broken down in lysosomes

37.Both plant and animal cells have mitochondria because theyboth

carry on respiration

carry on photosynthesis.

require water

38.What is Activation Energy?

the energy needed to initiate a reaction

the energy that transports water into cells

potential energy

39.If you put a plant in a chamber and shine a light on it

oxygen will decrease and carbon dioxide will increase

oxygen will increase and carbon dioxide will decrease

oxygen and carbon dioxide will increase

oxygen and carbon dioxide will decrease

40.What are the inputs and the output molecules for the overallphotosynthetic process?

input sugar and oxygen; output carbon dioxide and water

input oxygen and water; output sugar and carbon dioxide

input carbon dioxide and water;output sugar and oxygen

41.What kind of reaction is photosynthesis?

endergonic

kinetic energy

exergonic

potential energy

equilibrium

42.In the process of glycolysis, glucose is cleaved into a pairof three-carbon molecules called

lactate

pyruvate

acetyl CoA

ATP

alcohol

43.Entropy is

order

disorder

complexity

Both order and disorder are correct

Both complexity and disorder are correct

44.Glycolysis takes place in the _____________ and the citricacid cycle and electron transport chain take place in the___________.

cytoplasm; endoplasmic reticulum

mitochondria, chloroplast

mitochondria; cytoplasm

cytoplasm; mitochondria

45.The organelle that carries out photosynthesis in plants isthe

mitochondria

chloroplast

ribosome

chlorophylllysosome

46.The energy to power the Calvin cycle comes from

cellular respiration

oxygen

the light reactions of photosynthesis

47.Which of the following can be broken down into intermediateproducts that enter cellular respiration?

Proteins

Lipids

Carbohydrates

All of these.

48.When cellular product levels get too high, the responsibleenzyme is inhibited. This is an example of

promotion

denaturation

equilibrium

a coenzyme

feedback inhibition

49.How is respiration the opposite of photosynthesis?

respiration breaks sugar down to carbon dioxide; photosynthesisbuilds sugar from carbon dioxide

respiration builds sugar from carbon dioxide; photosynthesisbreaks sugar down to carbon dioxide

respiration requires energy input; photosynthesis gives offexcess energy

50.The molecule that absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis is

oxygen

carbon dioxide

chlorophyll

glucose

sunlight

amaranthbear841

Which of the following is common to both aerobic and anaerobicmicrobes?

	Fermentation
	An electron transport chain
	Pyruvate oxidation
	Glycolysis
	All of the above

The primary purpose of catabolism is

	generation of ADP.
	generation of ATP.
	oxidation of NADH to NAD⁺.
	degradation of organic molecules.
	biosynthesis.

What is a fate of pyruvate during alcoholic fermentation byyeast?

	It is reduced to lactic acid.
	It is oxidized to form glucose and carbon dioxide
	It is cleaved to form acetylaldehyde and carbon dioxide.
	It is catabolized in glycolysis.
	It is oxidized to form lactic acid and carbon dioxide.

Electrons needed to reduce an oxidized electron acceptor areprovided by

	a) externally provided compounds such asH<sub>2</sub>, lactate or formate.
	b) an intermediate electron carrier such as NADH.
	c) 0<sub>2</sub>.
	d) Both a and b
	e) All of the above

How are aerobic respiration and anaerobic respirationsimilar?

	Both use oxygen as a terminal electron carrier.
	These are other names for glycolysis.
	Both utilize inorganic molecules as terminal electronacceptors.
	Neither receives electrons from glycolysis.
	Anaerobic respiration does not exist in microbes.

The conversion of phosphoenolpyruvic acid (PEP) topyruvate

	a) releases CO<sub>2</sub>.
	b) involves the conversion of ADP and ATP.
	c) involves substrate-level phosphorylation.
	d) Both a and b
	e) Both b and c

Which of the following is the best definition offermentation?

	The reduction of glucose to pyruvic acid
	The complete catabolism of glucose to CO₂ andH₂O
	The oxidation of a carbohydrate with organic molecules servingas electron donors and acceptors
	The production of ATP from glucose
	The production of ethanol from glucose

A reaction that yields energy has a

	positive ?G_o?.
	negative ?G_o?.
	positive ?E_o?.
	negative ?E_o?.
	negative ?H_o?.

Oxidation and reduction reactions are always coupledbecause

	a) electrons generally accompany protons.
	b) protons generally accompany protons.
	c) electrons cannot exist free in solution.
	d) Both a and b
	e) All of the above

10.

Which of the following is true of aerobic respiration?

	It involves the reduction of oxygen.
	It involves the oxidation of oxygen.
	It involves the reduction of lactic acid.
	It involves the oxidation of lactic acid.
	It does not generate ATP.

plumgnu195

Living systems can be studied by way of the scientific method which involves which of the following?

Using only deductive reasoning and not inductive reasoning

Using few subjects, but repeating the experiments and using controls

Using few subjects, but repeating the experiments

Using many subjects, but doing no statistical analysis

Using many subjects but having no controls

Which of the following molecules has the least amount of energy that you can use for intense physical exercise?

A chemically specifically designed to signal uncontrolled cell growth

Water since it promotes all chemical reactions

Lipids

Carbohydrates

Protein

Nicotine produced in plants can be lethal to insects in that it causes a paralysis. Where does nicotine have its effect?

Nicotine receptors located in the nucleus of the cell

Nicotine receptors on the plasma membrane of brain cells

Nicotine receptors in the golgi bodies of neurons

Nicotine receptors on the mitochondria of brain cells

The aqueous (water) space between cells is which of the following?

Blood

Interstitial

Extracellular

Intracellular

All of these answers are correct

A hypo-osmotic solution can be defined as which of the following?

A solution separated from another by way of semipermeable membrane in which the hyposmotic solution has less electrolyes and more water than the other solution

A solution separated from another by way of semipermeable membrane in which the hyperosmotic solution has less electrolyes and more water than the other solution

A solution that is equal in concentration compared to another

A solution that is less concentrated relative to another

A solution that is more concentrated relative to another

Lactic acid in your muscles is the byproduct of which metabolic pathway?

Glycolysis

Electron Transport System

Krebs cycle

Glycolysis and oxygen

Which of the following best describes the process of glycolysis?

A series of chemical reactions in the mitochondria that breakdown or catabolize glucose to produce ATP without oxygen

A series of chemical reactions that breakdown or catabolize protein to produce lactic acid in the presence of oxygen

A series of chemical reactions in the muscle cytoplasm that breaksdown or catabolize glucose to produce ATP without oxygen

A series of chemical reactions that produce enzymes

During oxidative phosphorylation, which of the following is phosphorylated with the assistance of ATP synthase?

Cytochromes

ADP

ATP

NADH

Hydrogen ions

In all animals who use oxidative phorphorylation to generate ATP, the ultimate electron acceptor is directly transported to all cells by way of which of the following?

Hemoglobin

Red blood cells

Water (H2O)

Lungs

After NADH is reduced at the Electron Transport system, the hydrogen ion subsequently does which of the following?

Activates ATPsynthase

Activates Krebs cycle

Activates chemiosmosis

Oxidizes ATP

Reduces ATP

Which of the following has to exist for ATP synthase to be activated to directly produce ATP?

An oxygen gradient

A neutron gradient

An electron gradient

A proton gradient

All of these answers are correct

Which of the following occurs when oxyhemoglobin reaches the capillaries of heart muscle?

Releases oxygen which leaves the capillary and diffuses into the cell

Absorbs oxygen from the mitochondria

Releases its oxygen which diffuses from the mitochondria to the capillary

Releases its oxygen which diffuses from the capillary to the nucleus

BISC 102 Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Energy Carrier, Glycolysis, Pyruvic Acid

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