GEY 3601 Lecture Notes - Lecture 10: Kidney Disease, Muscle Tone, Prostate Cancer

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silveryak961

10 Apr 2018

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A) describe essential hypertension, b) explain why this is a breakdown in homeostasis? (see kidney pp), c) explain if it is age related or associated, hypertension is caused by homeostasis failure. There are many unknown reasons to why people get high blood pressure, however, it can be linked to unregulated renin release as well as high levels of ace: the unregulated renin release is a breakdown of homeostasis. Renin regulates how high ones blood pressure is, the lower the blood pressure the more renin that is released. The kidneys shrink by 20 percent with age, that with reduction to be able to hold larger concentrations of urine due to loss of sensitivity to. These are not found only in the elderly. Though more elderly have these issues that those who are younger it is possible for younger age groups to have these issues.

Related Questions

RENAL PHYSIOLOGY AND HOMEOSTASIS

Questions/Analysis

Part A.

1. Explain the process of urine moving out of the dialysis tubing (blood) into the cup. How does this relate to blood dialysis of patients with kidney disease?

Part B.

1. Summarize, briefly, the significance of the following parameter measured.

Color -

Nitrate -

Urobilinogen -

Protein -

pH -

Blood -

Specific Gravity -

Ketone -

Bilirubin -

Glucose -

Part C.

Parameter	Describe this parameter or measurement	Should or should not be present in urine?	Abnormal values could indicate what?
Nitrate	Usually produced by bacteria that are present and causing infection	No	A positive test could be indicative of infection
Urobilinogen
Protein
pH
Blood
Specific Gravity
Ketone
Bilirubin
Glucose

1. What potential treatment groups could cause an increase in ADH secretion? Explain why.

2. What potential treatment groups could cause a decrease in aldosterone secretion? Why?

3. What is the impact of blood pressure on kidney function?

4. Illustrate the kidneyâs handling of water and salt loads? Explain.

5. What are potential sources of error in these experiments?

6. The loss of water during sweating on a hot day causes the blood volume to decrease and the osmolarity of body fluids to increase. Outline the mechanisms operating to restore homeostasis via the release of ADH in this situation.

7. Why would prolonged elevations of blood aldosterone produce hypertension?

8. Explain, physiologically, why a person urinates more after a night of beer consumption.

sapphirelocust154

1. Which hormone responsible for calcium absorption is synthesized by the kidneys?
a. Calcitriol b. Glucagon c. Erythropoietin d. Antidiuretic hormone

2. Which of the following regulations is not performed by the kidney?
a. acid-base balance b. blood pressure c. glycolysis d. blood production

3. The hormone require for blood pressure regulation and release by the kidney is _____.
a. erythropoietin b. renin c. calcitriol

4. Almost all nutrients and about 65% of sodium are actively reabsorbed in this part of the nephron, transported from the filtrate back to the plasma.
a. proximal tubule b. descending limb c. ascending limb d. collecting duct

5. Which site is where most regulation happens?
a. proximal tubule b. nephron loop and vasa recta c. distal tubule & collecting duct

6. The site for countercurrent multiplier and exchange in the nephron is ________.
a. proximal tubule b. nephron loop and vasa recta c. distal tubule & collecting duct

7. The function of the kidneys is evaluated by measuring the
a. tubular reabsorption b. tubular secretion c. glomerular filtration rate

8. Abnormal amount of leukocytes in urine is termed _____.
a. ketonuria b. hematuria c. pyuria d. glycosuria e. nitrituria

9. In diabetes mellitus the clinical term for the abnormal urinalysis is called ________.
a. ketonuria b. hematuria c. pyuria d. glycosuria e. proteinuria

10. The possible cause of increase ____________ in urine is liver pathology o gallstones.
a. bile b. erythrocytes c. nitrites d. glucose e. protein

11. Proteinuria is caused by increase glomerular permeability due to kidney trauma, heavy mental, toxins, exertion, hypertension or glomerular nephritis.
a. True b. False

12. The normal pH of urine ranges from _____ to _____.
a. 2.2, 4.5 b. 10.3, 13.5 c. 8.0, 10.2 d. 4.5, 8.0 e. 6.0, 7.0

13. The average specific gravity of urine is slightly higher than 1.000 because the solutes it contains.
a. True b. False

14. __________ is the term for the normal smell of fresh urine.
a. Asparagus b. Nitrites c. Urinoid d. Ammonia

15. The concentration of this pigment in urine change the color of it.
a. Urinoid b. Nitrites c. Urobilin d. Calcium

16. The failure of a kidney to develop is termed _________________.
a. renal agenesis b. horseshoe kidney
c. supernumerary kidney d. pelvic kidney

17 Renal ptosis refers to the ___________ movement of the kidney within the abdominal cavity.
a. anterior b. posterior c. superior d. inferior

18. Renal failure refers to the diminish o absent renal function caused by the destruction of about ___ of the kidney.
a. 20% b. 40% c. 60% d. 90%

19. Renal calculus may occur from crystallized glucose after high levels in blood.
a. True b. False

20. An untreated UTI that spread to the kidneys is termed ____________.
a. urethritis b. cystitis c. pyelonephritis d. dysuria

21. Pain is an associated symptom of an UTI, and this is termed as __________.
a. urethritis b. cystitis c. pyelonephritis d. dysuria

22. Incontinence refers to ___________ whereas retention refers to____________
a. inability to involuntary control urination, failure to eliminate urine normally.
b. failure to eliminate urine normally, inability to voluntary control urination
c. inability to voluntary control urination, failure to eliminate urine normally
d. failure to eliminate urine normally, inability to involuntary control urination

23. All of the following are physical characteristics of urine except:
a. Color and transparency b. Odor c. pH d. specific gravity e. taste

24. Preformed water includes the water absorbed from food and drink whereas metabolic water includes the water from cellular respiration and dehydration.
a. True b. False

25. Sensible water los is not measured. In contrast insensible water loss is measured and includes sweat and transpiration.
a. True b, False

26. ____________ water loss is dependent upon the degree of hydration and is hormonally regulated in the tubules and collecting ducts of the kidney.
a. Sensible b. Insensible c. Obligatory d. Facultative
27. ___________ water loss is a loss of water that always occur regales of the state of hydration of the body.
a. Sensible b. Insensible c. Obligatory d. Facultative

28. Fluid is lost from the body through the following normal mechanism except:
a. breathing b. sweating c. defecation d. urination e. vomiting

29. Â¬Â¬Â¬Â¬Â¬Â¬Â¬Â¬Â¬Â¬Â¬Â¬Â¬Â¬Â¬Â¬The stimuli that activates the thirst center include all of the following except:
a. decreased salivary secretions b. distention of the stomach
c. increased blood osmolality d. decreased blood pressure

30. Stimuli for inhibiting the thirst center are produced when fluid intake is greater than fluid output.
a. True b. False

31. Fluid balance is regulated by monitoring blood volume, blood pressure, and blood plasma osmolarity.
a. True b. False

32. This electrolyte imbalance can lead to confusion, coma, paralysis of breathing muscles, and death.
a. hypenatremia b. hyperkalemia c. hypercalcemia d. hypocalcemia

33. _____________ may cause muscle weakness and irregular heart beat that can lead to cardiac arrest.
a. Hyponatremia b. Hyperkalemia c. Hypercalcemia d. Hypokalemia

34. Numbness, tingling, increase heat rate, and muscle spasm that can lead to tetany is caused by _____.
a. hypenatremia b. hyperkalemia c. hypercalcemia d. hypocalcemia

35. If a patient needs IV fluids like 0.9% saline solution it means the solution contains 0.9 gr of _______ to every 100 ml of sterile water.
a. glucose chloride b. calcium chloride c. potassium chloride d. sodium chloride

36. Which of the following individual will be more vulnerable to dehydration?
a. Young adults b. Middle-aged adults c. Elderly d. Infants e. c & d

37. Diabetes insipidus refers to:
a. hypersecretion of insulin b. hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone
c. hyposecretion of insulin d. hypersecretion of antidiuretic hormone
e. none of the above

38. During vomiting the major loss is ___________ whereas in diarrhea there is an extensive loss of ________.
a. hydrochloric acid (HCl), bicarbonate (HCO3) b. bicarbonate (HCO3), hydrochloric acid (HCl)
c. bicarbonate (HCO3), glucose d. hydrochloric acid (HCl), sodium

39. Lactic acidosis results from:
a. prolongs intense exercise b. congestive heart failure
c. insufficient insulin production d. a & b e. a, b & c

40. Ketoacidosis results from:
a. prolongs intense exercise b. congestive heart failure
c. insufficient insulin production d. a & b e. a, b & c

41. In respiratory alkalosis, respiratory rate increases and blood __________ _____________.
a. CO2 increases b. CO2 decreases
c. O2 increases d. O2 decreases e. none of the above

42. Metabolic acidosis compensate with _____________ ______________.
a. respiratory acidosis b. respiratory alkalosis
c. metabolic acidosis e. metabolic alkalosis e. none of the above

43. The step in the digestive process that deals with a series of catabolic steps in which complex food molecules are broken down into their chemical building blocks by enzymes secreted into the lumen of the alimentary tract is called
a. Propulsion b. Ingestion c. Chemical digestion d. Defecation e. Absorption

44. ________________ is the passage of digestive end products from the lumen of the GI tract by active or passive transport into the blood or lymph.
a. Propulsion b. Ingestion c. Chemical digestion d. Defecation e. Absorption

45. In which part of the digestive tract is chemical digestion essentially completed?
a. stomach b. pancreas c. liver d. small intestine e. large intestine

46. The organ that carries most metabolic function in the body is the
a. stomach b. liver c. small intestine d. pancreas

47. The main function of these organs is propulsion: peristaltic waves move food bolus to stomach accomplishing the phase of deglutition
a. Mouth and associated accessory organs b. Pharynx and esophagus
c. Stomach d. Small intestine e. Large intestine

48. Which hormone will be secreted especially if the bolus contains proteins?
a. gastrin b. cholecystokinin c. secretin

49. The following target organs are stimulated by secretin except:
a. stomach b. pancreas c. liver d. gallbladder

50. The stimulus of chime containing amino acids and fatty acids entering the small intestine releases ____________.
a. gastrin b. cholecystokinin c. secretin

51. The cells that produce intrinsic factor, important in the absorption of B12, is the ______ cells.
a. surface mucous b. mucous neck c. parietal d. chief e. G-cells

52. The most numerous of the secretory cells within the gastric glands, which produce zymogen are:
a. surface mucous b. mucous neck c. parietal d. chief e. G-cells

53. The following are functions of hydrochloric acid except:
a. activates pepsinogen b. kills microorganism
c. prevents ulceration of the stomach d. denatures proteins

54. Barrett esophagus refers to an advance case of GERD in which the epithelium changes from columnar secretory to stratified squamous.
a. True b. False

55. Gastric and duodenal ulcer are both peptic ulcers; the difference is that one occurs in the stomach and the other in the first part of the duodenum respectively.
a. True b. False

56. The following are common complication of advanced liver cirrhosis except:
a. jaundice b. edema c. ascites d. gastritis e. intense itching

57. Most cases of appendicitis occurs because fecal matter obstructs the appendix. As the inflammation worsens the parietal peritoneum becomes inflamed as well.
A. True b. False

58. The majority of colorectal cancer appears in the following areas except:
a. descending colon b. sigmoid colon c. rectum d. proximal ileum

59. Polyps are outgrowths from the colon mucosa whereas diverticulosis are bulges in the intestinal lining.
a. True b. False

60. Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder. The damage in the small intestine is the smooth muscle which interferes with absorption.
a. True b. False

amaranthfrog191

It took the diagnosis of high blood pressure (hypertension) at theage of 45 to shock Max into taking better care of himself. A formercollege football player, he had let himself go, eating too muchjunk food, drinking too much alcohol, sitting on his chubby bottomfor the majority of the last two decades, and even indulging in thefrequent habit of smoking cigars. Max's physician had to prescribetwo different antihypertensive medications in order to get hisblood pressure under control. She also prescribed regular exercise,a low-salt diet, modest alcohol intake, and smoking cessation. Maxwas scared, really scared. His father had hypertension at a youngage as well, and ended up on dialysis before dying fromcomplications of kidney failure.

Fortunately for Max, he took his doctor's advice and began adramatic lifestyle change that would bring him to his present-daysituation. Now, at the age of 55, he was a master triathlon athletewho routinely placed among the top five tri-athletes of the sameage group in the country. Max's competitive spirit had been ignitedby this, but at the same time he wanted to be first among hispeers. To that end, he hired Tracey, a Certified Clinical ExerciseSpecialist, to help him gain the edge he needed to win at the endof the race. His most immediate concern was that he wasexperiencing problems with dehydration and fatigue because hehadn't found an effective way to drink enough fluids whileexercising.

Tracey showed Max an impressive array of assessment tools forquantifying and analyzing his physiological state before, during,and after his workouts. One of the tools was urinalysis, which Maxfound a bit odd, but he dutifully supplied urine samples on aregular, prescribed basis. Tracey explained that Max's hydrationstatus was tricky due to the medication he took to control hishypertension, and that renal status (as measured in the urinalysis)was one of the tools she could use to evaluate his physiologicalstate. Tracey logs the following results of Max's urinalysisimmediately after, and six hours after, a rigorous 2-hour run.

Time	Color	SpecificGravity	Protein	Glucose	pH
Before exercise	pale yellow	1.002	absent	absent	6.0
Immediately afterexercise	dark yellow	1.035	small amount	absent	4.5
Six hours afterexercise	yellow	1.025	absent	small amount	5.0

Given the correlationbetween urine color and urine concentration, which of the followingstatements is true about Max's urine?

Given the correlation between urine color and urine concentration,which of the following statements is true about Max's urine?

	Max'surine is most concentrated before exercise.
	Max'surine is most dilute immediately post-exercise.
	Max'surine is least concentrated six hours post-exercise.
	Max'surine is most dilute before exercise.

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PartB

Max needs to drink morewater before exercise to avoid dehydration.

Max needs to drink more water before exercise to avoid dehydration.

	True
	False

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PartC

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH),which regulates urine concentration and dilution, is__________.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which regulates urine concentration anddilution, is __________.

	highestsix hours after Max exercises
	highestbefore Max exercises
	lowestimmediately after Max exercises
	lowestbefore Max exercises

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PartD

Max is curious about theprotein content of his urine. Which of these statements provides anaccurate basis for Tracey's response, explaining normalconditions?

Max is curious about the protein content of his urine. Which ofthese statements provides an accurate basis for Tracey's response,explaining normal conditions?

	Mostproteins pass through the glomerular membrane and are present invarying amounts in urine.
	Fewproteins are small enough to pass through the glomerular membrane,but the few that do are reabsorbed. So, proteins are not usuallypresent in urine.
	Allproteins are negatively charged and too large to pass through theglomerular membrane. So, proteins are not normally present inurine.
	Mostproteins pass through the glomerular membrane and are reabsorbed.So, proteins are not present in urine.

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PartE

Tracey knows that the largepizza Max consumed just prior to collecting his third urine samplecaused a transient increase in his blood glucose levels. What canbe accurately said about the relationship between glucose in theblood and the amount of glucose filtered through the glomerularmembrane?

Tracey knows that the large pizza Max consumed just prior tocollecting his third urine sample caused a transient increase inhis blood glucose levels. What can be accurately said about therelationship between glucose in the blood and the amount of glucosefiltered through the glomerular membrane?

	Glucoserequires a transport protein to get through the glomerularmembrane, so glucose in the filtrate cannot increase even whenblood glucose concentration is high.
	Theglomerular membrane prevents glucose from entering the filtrateunless blood glucose concentration is abnormally high.
	Thehigher the blood glucose concentration, the more glucose isfiltered through the glomerular membrane.
	Onlysmall glucose molecules can filter through the glomerular membrane,but high blood glucose concentration increases the amount ofglucose in the filtrate.

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PartF

Tracey explains to Max thathis transiently elevated blood glucose leads to "spilling" ofglucose into his urine. Why does this happen?

Tracey explains to Max that his transiently elevated blood glucoseleads to "spilling" of glucose into his urine. Why does thishappen?

	Thetubule cells are unable to reabsorb any glucose that enters thefiltrate.
	Tubulecells inhibit glucose production when blood levels areelevated.
	Reabsorption of glucose is limited by transport proteins.
	Thetubule cells actively secrete excess glucose into thefiltrate.