NEM 10V Lecture 49: Metabolism

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6 May 2018

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Nematology

Metabolism:

• Digestion breaks down food into its component chemical compounds that are moved into

cells of the body.

• Once inside cells, cellular respiration turns food into useable energy. Nutrients like

glucose will leave the bloodstream through a capillary cell and enter a tissue cell.

• There, cellular respiration will oxidize the glucose molecule releasing high energy

electrons.

• The overall goal is to make ATP, a storage form of energy for most cells.

• Aerobic respiration is a multi-stage process that begins with glycolysis.

• A glucose molecule is completely oxidized during the process of cellular respiration with

the following sequence of reactions:

1. glycolysis followed by the Krebs cycle,

2. followed by the electron transport chain.

• Cells break bonds in carbohydrates to release the energy that drives ATP synthesis.

• The process by which a small amount of the energy in a glucose molecule is released as it

is converted into two small organic acid molecules is called glycolysis.

• Glycolysis results in the production of pyruvate and occurs in the cytoplasm.

• Glycolysis is the splitting of one 6-carbon glucose molecule into two 3-carbon pyruvate

molecules.

• Four ATP are formed, but two are used in the reaction.

• The net yield of ATP produced per molecule of glucose degraded during glycolysis is

two.

• The Krebs cycle takes place in the mitochondria.

• Pyruvate loses a carbon and becomes a two carbon molecule called acetyl-CoA.

• Both pyruvate molecules produced during glycolysis undergo this reaction, so two acetyl-

CoA molecules are produced.

• To break down a glucose molecule completely, requires two “turns” of the Krebs cycle.

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Related Questions

1.Aerobic cellular respiration: In the absence of oxygen â what processes stop? Why do they stop?

2. Do the reactions that are unique to fermentation itself (not the reactions of glycolysis that precede the fermentation-specific steps) provide the cell with additional useful high-energy molecules? Explain briefly. If you answered yes â how many high-energy molecules and what kind? If you answered no â then why does the cell do the fermentation step?

3. Do the cells in your body do fermentation? Explain.

4. When cells use fermentation instead of aerobic cellular respiration, is NAD+/NADH involved in this process? What happens to this molecule? Explain briefly.

5. Your body can harness energy from sources besides carbohydrates like glucose. Briefly explain how proteins and fats can be broken down and funneled into the reactions of cellular respiration.

The pentose phosphate pathway, an alternative to glycolysis, is used to catabolize five carbon sugars. One ATP molecule and 12 NADPH molecules are produced from one glucose molecule. Glycolysis is the most common pathway for the oxidation of glucose. Two pryuvic acid molecules are the end product. There is a net gain of two ATP molecules and two NADH molecules per molecule of glucose oxidized through glycolysis.

Pyruvic acid loses one carboxyl group, and CO2 is a byproduct, during the transition step. Two carbon acetyl groups are oxidized in the Krebs cycle. Electrons are picked up by NAD+ and FAD for the electron transport system.

5. How does aerobic and anaerobic respiration differ?

6. Hemophilus influenzae requires hemin (X factor) to synthesize cytochromes and NAD+(V factor) from other cells. For what part of cellular respiration are the X and V factors essential?

7. Suppose an individual has mitochondria that leak cytochromes, what effect might this dysfunction have on the ability of the cell to function? Why?

brownkoala747

Question 1

Which of the following statements regarding photosynthesis and cellular respiration is true?

	A.	Photosynthesis occurs in mitochondria, and cellular respiration occurs in chloroplasts.
	B.	Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts, and cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria.
	C.	Photosynthesis occurs in mitochondria and in chloroplasts.

Question 2

How do cells capture the energy released by cellular respiration?

	A.	They produce glucose
	B.	The energy is coupled to oxygen
	C.	They produce ATP

Question 3

During redox reactions

	A.	the loss of electrons from one molecule is called reduction
	B.	electrons are lost from one substance and added to another substance
	C.	protons from one molecule replace the electrons lost from another molecule

Question 4

Oxidation is the ________, and reduction is the ________.

	A.	gain of oxygen; loss of oxygen
	B.	loss of electrons; gain of electrons
	C.	gain of protons; loss of protons

Question 5

During cellular respiration, NADH

	A.	delivers its electron load to the first electron carrier molecule.
	B.	is chemically converted into ATP
	C.	is the final electron acceptor

Question 6

A drug is tested in the laboratory and is found to create holes in both mitochondrial membranes. Scientists suspect that the drug will be harmful to human cells because it will inhibit

	A.	the citric acid cycle only.
	B.	glycolysis only
	C.	the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation

Question 7

Which of the following metabolic pathways is common in aerobic and anaerobic metabolism?

	A.	glycolysis
	B.	the citric acid cycle
	C.	electron transport chain

Question 8

Which of the following is a result of glycolysis?

	A.	production of CO2
	B.	a net loss of two ATPs per glucose molecule
	C.	conversion of glucose to two three-carbon compounds

NEM 10V Lecture 49: Metabolism

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