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BIOL 1107 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Chemical Equilibrium

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byzantiumcicada84

2 Sep 2016

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Document Summary

Proton [hydrogen ion h+] concentration is the basis of the ph scale. Ph expresses proton concentration in a solution. Measure of hydrogen ions in a solution. Some atoms readily give up their hydrogen ions. All living things use buffers to control the concentration of hydrogen atoms. Human blood ph is 7. 4 because our body is buffers to make sure it stays there so we aren"t compromised physiologically. The ph of pure water is 7. Acids have a ph less than 7. Bases have a ph greater than 7. The lemon juice has a greater hydrogen ion concentration. When mixed with water some of the ions broke away and made the water more acidic. In acid-base reactions, a proton donor (acid) transfers a proton to a proton receptor (base) When ice forms the hydrogen bonds between molecules change their length and become longer-making the ice less dense than the water which has closer hydrogen bonds.

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Related Questions

Part A

Which answer is a true statement about pH values?

Part A

Which answer is a true statement about pH values?

Which answer is a true statement about pH values?

SubmitHintsMy AnswersGive UpReview Part

Part B

What conditions must be met in order for an aqueous solution to be called âneutralâ?

What conditions must be met in order for an aqueous solution to be called âneutralâ?

Pure water has a pH of 0.

pH is important in life mainly because it affects the cohesion of water.

A high pH corresponds to a high H⁺ concentration.

Stomach juice has a high pH.

None of the above.

SubmitHintsMy AnswersGive UpReview Part

Part C

Factory smoke has led to acid rain that lowered the pH of a lake to 5.0. What is the H⁺ concentration in the lake?

Factory smoke has led to acid rain that lowered the pH of a lake to 5.0. What is the H⁺ concentration in the lake?

The hydronium ion concentration is greater than the hydroxide ion concentration.

The concentrations of hydronium and hydroxide ions are equal.

There are no hydronium or hydroxide ions present in the solution.

The hydroxide ion concentration is greater than the hydronium ion concentration.

None of the above.

SubmitHintsMy AnswersGive UpReview Part

Incorrect; One attempt remaining; Try Again

No, there's a power-of-ten relationship between the pH and the concentration. Maybe you should review the lesson.

Part D

Your tank of swamp fish needs a pH of 5, and the pH is 7 at present. What should you do to the H⁺ concentration?

Your tank of swamp fish needs a pH of 5, and the pH is 7 at present. What should you do to the H⁺ concentration?

SubmitHintsMy AnswersGive UpReview Part

Part E

In a washing machine, the detergent raised the pH to 9.0. The concentration of OH^- in the solution is ...

In a washing machine, the detergent raised the pH to 9.0. The concentration of OH^- in the solution is ...

Cut it in half.

Reduce it to 1/100 of its present value.

Raise it to 100 times its present value.

Raise it to 200 times its present value.

SubmitHintsMy AnswersGive UpReview Part

Part F

Your tank of alkali fish needs a pH of 8, and the pH is 6 at present. What should you do to the H⁺ concentration?

Your tank of alkali fish needs a pH of 8, and the pH is 6 at present. What should you do to the H⁺ concentration?

Reduce it to 1/200 times its present value.

Cut it in half.

Reduce it to 1/100 of its present value.

Raise it to 100 times its present value.

Can't tell without more information.

Part B

What conditions must be met in order for an aqueous solution to be called âneutralâ?

Pure water has a pH of 0.

pH is important in life mainly because it affects the cohesion of water.

A high pH corresponds to a high H⁺ concentration.

Stomach juice has a high pH.

None of the above.

Part C

Factory smoke has led to acid rain that lowered the pH of a lake to 5.0. What is the H⁺ concentration in the lake?

The hydronium ion concentration is greater than the hydroxide ion concentration.

The concentrations of hydronium and hydroxide ions are equal.

There are no hydronium or hydroxide ions present in the solution.

The hydroxide ion concentration is greater than the hydronium ion concentration.

None of the above.

Your tank of swamp fish needs a pH of 5, and the pH is 7 at present. What should you do to the H⁺ concentration?

Part E

In a washing machine, the detergent raised the pH to 9.0. The concentration of OH^- in the solution is ...

In a washing machine, the detergent raised the pH to 9.0. The concentration of OH^- in the solution is ...

Cut it in half.

Reduce it to 1/100 of its present value.

Raise it to 100 times its present value.

Raise it to 200 times its present value.

SubmitHintsMy AnswersGive UpReview Part

Part F

Your tank of alkali fish needs a pH of 8, and the pH is 6 at present. What should you do to the H⁺ concentration?

Reduce it to 1/200 times its present value.

Cut it in half.

Reduce it to 1/100 of its present value.

Raise it to 100 times its present value.

Can't tell without more information.

1

Living systems can be studied by way of the scientific method which involves which of the following?

A

Using only deductive reasoning and not inductive reasoning

B

Using few subjects, but repeating the experiments and using controls

C

Using few subjects, but repeating the experiments

D

Using many subjects, but doing no statistical analysis

E

Using many subjects but having no controls

2

Which of the following molecules has the least amount of energy that you can use for intense physical exercise?

A

A chemically specifically designed to signal uncontrolled cell growth

B

Water since it promotes all chemical reactions

C

Lipids

D

Carbohydrates

E

Protein

3

Nicotine produced in plants can be lethal to insects in that it causes a paralysis. Where does nicotine have its effect?

A

Nicotine receptors located in the nucleus of the cell

B

Nicotine receptors on the plasma membrane of brain cells

C

Nicotine receptors in the golgi bodies of neurons

D

Nicotine receptors on the mitochondria of brain cells

4

The aqueous (water) space between cells is which of the following?

A

Blood

B

Interstitial

C

Extracellular

D

Intracellular

E

All of these answers are correct

5

A hypo-osmotic solution can be defined as which of the following?

A

A solution separated from another by way of semipermeable membrane in which the hyposmotic solution has less electrolyes and more water than the other solution

B

A solution separated from another by way of semipermeable membrane in which the hyperosmotic solution has less electrolyes and more water than the other solution

C

A solution that is equal in concentration compared to another

D

A solution that is less concentrated relative to another

E

A solution that is more concentrated relative to another

6

Lactic acid in your muscles is the byproduct of which metabolic pathway?

A

Glycolysis

B

Electron Transport System

C

Krebs cycle

D

Glycolysis and oxygen

7

Which of the following best describes the process of glycolysis?

A

A series of chemical reactions in the mitochondria that breakdown or catabolize glucose to produce ATP without oxygen

B

A series of chemical reactions that breakdown or catabolize protein to produce lactic acid in the presence of oxygen

C

A series of chemical reactions in the muscle cytoplasm that breaksdown or catabolize glucose to produce ATP without oxygen

D

A series of chemical reactions that produce enzymes

8

During oxidative phosphorylation, which of the following is phosphorylated with the assistance of ATP synthase?

A

Cytochromes

B

ADP

C

ATP

D

NADH

E

Hydrogen ions

9

In all animals who use oxidative phorphorylation to generate ATP, the ultimate electron acceptor is directly transported to all cells by way of which of the following?

A

Hemoglobin

B

Red blood cells

C

Water (H2O)

D

Lungs

10

After NADH is reduced at the Electron Transport system, the hydrogen ion subsequently does which of the following?

A

Activates ATPsynthase

B

Activates Krebs cycle

C

Activates chemiosmosis

D

Oxidizes ATP

E

Reduces ATP

11

Which of the following has to exist for ATP synthase to be activated to directly produce ATP?

A

An oxygen gradient

B

A neutron gradient

C

An electron gradient

D

A proton gradient

E

All of these answers are correct

12

Which of the following occurs when oxyhemoglobin reaches the capillaries of heart muscle?

A

Releases oxygen which leaves the capillary and diffuses into the cell

B

Absorbs oxygen from the mitochondria

C

Releases its oxygen which diffuses from the mitochondria to the capillary

D

Releases its oxygen which diffuses from the capillary to the nucleus

1.When something appears blue, it is absorbing all colors except__________.

yellow

blue

red

green

orange

2.During heavy exercise, lactic acid can build up in ourmuscles. Why? How does this resemble the metabolism of bacteria andyeast?

lactic acid is results from insufficient oxygen during sugarmetabolism; it is fermentation

lactic acid accumulates when we are dehydrated; bacteria andyeast use the same pathway

lactic acid is built up from carbon dioxide; bacteria and yeaststore energy in this way

3.Why must a cell keep a similar concentration of dissolvedsubstances with the fluid surrounding them?

to avoid dilution of potential energy

to avoid osmotic imbalance and rapid gain or loss of water

to maintain the correct amount of dehydration and hydrolysis

4.What is entropy?

the amount of energy in a system

the amount of disorganization

the amount of organization

5.Burning a log is the reverse reaction found in photosynthesis.What products would be formed in burning a log?

carbon dioxide and water

glucose and oxygen

oxygen and carbon dioxide

oxygen and water

6.The main reason that cellular respiration needs to occur stepby step instead of a single, big reaction is

cells don't store enough oxygen

too much energy would be released for the cell to harness

cells don't have many mitochondria.

cells produce the enzymes needed for cellular respiration veryslowly

7.Enzymes are catalysts because they operate to:

raise activation energy

lower activation energy

supply activation energy

supply the reactants

8.When ATP powers a reaction it becomes ADP. The ADP

can reform ATP by an exergonic reaction

is a waste product for lysosomal breakdown

can reform ATP by an endergonic reaction

can reform ATP by an oxidation reaction

can reform ATP by an equilibrium reaction

9.The energy source that drives photosynthesis is

water

glucose

carbon dioxide

oxygen

sunlight

10. What is the process by which enzymes regulate their ownactivity?

osmosis

self-propulsion

feedback inhibition

11.Coupled reactions are reactions in which a

endergonic reaction drives a spontaneous reaction

exergonic reaction drives a spontaneous reaction

endergonic reaction drives an exergonic reaction

exergonic reaction drives an endergonic reaction

12.How is water used in photosynthesis?

as a substrate for ATP synthase

as an electron donor

to combine with ADP forming ATP

as an electron acceptor

13.Why are the âDark Reactionsâ of photosynthesis referred to asâDarkâ?

they do not require light

they can only occur at night

they generate excess sugar and the leaves turn brown

14.What is the difference between potential and kineticenergy?

potential is stored, kinetic is being used

potential is being used, kinetic is ready to be used

potential is negative, kinetic is positive

15.The products of cellular respiration are

carbon dioxide, water, and ATP

glucose, water, and ATP

glucose, carbon dioxide, and ATP

oxygen, ATP, and water

carbon dioxide, glucose, and water

16.All of the following are correct about energy except:

The biological world gets its energy from the sun.

Chemical bonds store potential energy.

A boulder perched on a hill has kinetic energy.

Energy is defined as the ability to do work.

All forms of energy can be converted to heat.

17.What is needed for the end product of glycolysis, pyruvate,to enter the citric acid cycle?

More glucose for energy

ATP

Oxygen

Carbon dioxide

18.The enzyme that forms a transmembrane channel in mitochondriaand phosphorylates ADP

a carrier protein

ATP synthase

acetyl CoA

19.Fermentation is most common in

plants

microorganisms

animals

20.During adsorption of sunlight by photosystems, H+ ions aregenerated. Where do they come from? What are they used for?

from the breakdown of sugar; they help form water

water; they help form sugar

from carbon dioxide; they help dissolve NaCl

21.Glycolysis

does not use oxygen

uses oxygen

uses carbon dioxide

22.Photosynthesis is

not dependent on chlorophyll

a process that produces glucose and oxygen

a process that produces water and carbon dioxide

23.Breakdown of glucose generates many ATP molecules, each ofwhich can be used independently. Why is ATP ideally suited to powerbiological reactions?

ATP has many hydrogen bonds

ATP has enough energy to power one biological reaction

ATP readily dissolves in water

24.Objects that are not actively moving but have the capacity todo so are said to possess:

kinetic energy

entropy

potential energy

living energy

25.The first stage of cellular respiration, called ___________,takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell and needs no oxygen.

photorespiration

citric acid cycle

glycolysis

oxidation

26.Diffusion

requires energy

utilizes proteins to move molecules across a membrane

moves molecules against a concentration gradient

does not require energy

cannot occur without a membrane present

27.What is the name of the molecule on which an enzymeworks?

substrate

monomer

polymer

28.ATP contains

phenylalanine

two phosphate groups

three nitrate groups

three phosphate groups

29.How does chlorophyll function in photosynthesis?

by absorbing carbon dioxide

by absorbing the sun's energy

by absorbing water

30.Objects that are moving are said to possess:

living energy

potential energy

entropy

kinetic energy

31.The respiration pathway that evolved first is probably

glycolysis

aerobic respiration

citric acid cycle

32.The energy source for the process of photosynthesis is

oxygen

sunlight

carbon dioxide

chlorophyll

glucose

33.Burning wood generates heat and light. What type of reactionis this?

exergonic

kinetic energy

endergonic

potential energy

equilibrium

34.What is meant by a âcoupled reactionâ in terms of energy?

many poymers are built simultaneously

energy released by one reactions powers another reaction

some reactions occur in the same organelle

35.The First Law of Thermodynamics states:

energy is constantly being created by entropy events

energy can be changed from one form to another, but cannot becreated or destroyed

energy can be used and then destroyed because of entropy'sactions on it

energy can be destroyed while it is producing entropy

36.How do we dispose of the carbon derived from the glucose thatis metabolized during respiration?

by breathing out

via our urine

it is broken down in lysosomes

37.Both plant and animal cells have mitochondria because theyboth

carry on respiration

carry on photosynthesis.

require water

38.What is Activation Energy?

the energy needed to initiate a reaction

the energy that transports water into cells

potential energy

39.If you put a plant in a chamber and shine a light on it

oxygen will decrease and carbon dioxide will increase

oxygen will increase and carbon dioxide will decrease

oxygen and carbon dioxide will increase

oxygen and carbon dioxide will decrease

40.What are the inputs and the output molecules for the overallphotosynthetic process?

input sugar and oxygen; output carbon dioxide and water

input oxygen and water; output sugar and carbon dioxide

input carbon dioxide and water;output sugar and oxygen

41.What kind of reaction is photosynthesis?

endergonic

kinetic energy

exergonic

potential energy

equilibrium

42.In the process of glycolysis, glucose is cleaved into a pairof three-carbon molecules called

lactate

pyruvate

acetyl CoA

ATP

alcohol

43.Entropy is

order

disorder

complexity

Both order and disorder are correct

Both complexity and disorder are correct

44.Glycolysis takes place in the _____________ and the citricacid cycle and electron transport chain take place in the___________.

cytoplasm; endoplasmic reticulum

mitochondria, chloroplast

mitochondria; cytoplasm

cytoplasm; mitochondria

45.The organelle that carries out photosynthesis in plants isthe

mitochondria

chloroplast

ribosome

chlorophylllysosome

46.The energy to power the Calvin cycle comes from

cellular respiration

oxygen

the light reactions of photosynthesis

47.Which of the following can be broken down into intermediateproducts that enter cellular respiration?

Proteins

Lipids

Carbohydrates

All of these.

48.When cellular product levels get too high, the responsibleenzyme is inhibited. This is an example of

promotion

denaturation

equilibrium

a coenzyme

feedback inhibition

49.How is respiration the opposite of photosynthesis?

respiration breaks sugar down to carbon dioxide; photosynthesisbuilds sugar from carbon dioxide

respiration builds sugar from carbon dioxide; photosynthesisbreaks sugar down to carbon dioxide

respiration requires energy input; photosynthesis gives offexcess energy

50.The molecule that absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis is

oxygen

carbon dioxide

chlorophyll

glucose

sunlight

amaranthbear841