ENG 4339 Lecture Notes - Lecture 6: Noam Chomsky, Speech Community, Euphemism

19 views39 pages
2 Jul 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
1st semester 2016 Cristian Varela
!"#$%&'()*+#,+-.&(+"/(0%&.12*&3
4"%5(67(8"5*1/2.-1"
!"#$%&'()*"&+#,%&--&%.#/01/%$2#3*452/'#*"#$%&'()*"&+#4*"4/1$2#&2#2/"$/"4/2#6("7/"$/'#&"'#
-&'/#518.#&"&+9:/'#("#(2*+&)*"#$*#&%%(7/#$*#$;/#,*&+#*3#-/&"(",<
!"#-*%/#-*'/%"#,%&--&%2.#/01/%$2#3*452#*"#$;/#-/22&,/#'/1/"'(",#*"#$;/#4*"$/0$#("#
*%'/%#$*#4*"7/9#-/&"(",<
!"#$;/2/#-*'/%"#,%&--&%.#=>?@AB@#1+&92#&"#(-1*%$&"$#%*+/
C/-&")42#D#1%&,-&)42E#1%&,-&)42#'/&+2#F($;#$;/#-/&"(",#("#4*"$/0$.#2/-&")42#("#
2/"$/"4/2#&"'#F*%'2#("#(2*+&)*"<
GH/%&"4/E#!"#1%&,-&)42.#("2$/&'#*3#'/&+(",#F($;#2/"$/"4/2.#F/#'/&+#F($;#5H/%&"4/2<#
GH/%&"4/2#&%/#1&%)45+&%#$*#21*I/"#+&",5&,/#&"'#$;/9#&%/#5"(J5/#&2#$;/#21/&I/%#4&"#2&9#
$;/#5H/%&"4/#("#*"/#F&9#*%#&"*$;/%#'/1/"'(",#*"#$;/#4*"$/0$#*3#1%*'54)*"<
@;/#&11%*&4;#("#1%&,-&)42#(2#-*%/#'/24%(1)7/#$;&"#1%/24%(1)7/<
@;/#3*452#("#*"#$;/#21/&I/%#&"'#F;&$#;/K2;/#F&"$2#$*#4*"7/9#95'3(&:3+;3*<&(%"53"/3/(
,3+"%"#=
0%&.12*&3(+"+$>&%&E#!$L2#&#'(24(1+("/#2(-(+&%#$*#1%&,-&)42#&2#$;/9#&%/#3*452/'#*"#$;/#
+&",5&,/#("#4*"$/0$<#@;/#'(M/%/"4/#%/+&92#*"#$;/#2$%(",#*3#2/"$/"4/2#4*-N("/'#&"'#;*F#
$;/9#4*""/4$#/&4;#*$;/%<
Exercise:
OE#!#;&7/#&#PQ#9/&%#*+'#2*"
RE#S/++.#$;&$L2#&++#%(,;$
OE#!#&+2*#;&7/#&#'*,
RE#>;.#!L-#2*%%9
S/#;&7/#$*#$;("I#&N*5$#&#4*"$/0$#$*#5"'/%2$&"'#$;(2#1(/4/#*3#'(&+*,5/#N/4&52/#(3#F/#$&I/#
$;/#4+&52/2#("#(2*+&)*".#F/#4&"L$#5"'/%2$&"'#$;/#'(&+*,5/#1%*1/%+9<
T*22(N+/#4*"$/0$E#&#1/%2*"#F&"$2#$*#%/"$#&"#&1&%$-/"$#N5$#1/$2#&%/#"*$#&++*F/'<
U*F#'*#F/#N5(+'#51#&#4*"$/0$V#WX#F/#52/#*5%#?+.;#*12"/(;"1@$3/#3#6$;/#I"*F+/',/#*3#
$;/#F*%+'8#$*#5"'/%2$&"'#*$;/%L2#1(/4/2#*3#'(24*5%2/<
A0&-1+/E#Baby and toddler sale
O$#Y%2$#2(,;$#($#2//-2#1/*1+/#&%/#2/++(",#4;(+'%/".#N5$#F/#;&7/#$*#52/#*5%#?+.;#*12"/(;"1@$3/#3#$*
&%%(7/#$*#$;/#4*"4+52(*"#$;/9#&%/#2/++(",#4+*$;/2#3*%#4;(+'%/".#N5$#$;/#/01+(4($#F*%'2#2&9(",#$;(2#'*"L$#
&11/&%#("#$;/#&'7/%)2/-/"$E
(%"A%&%?$3(B(%,:$%.%5(,3+"%"##Z#F/#&%/#-&I(",#&"#(-1+(4($#-/22&,/.#/01+(4($#$*#5"'/%2$&"'#$;/#
-/&"(",<
the reciprocity of perspec6ve--> ($#-&I/2#52#5"'/%2$&"'#$;/#-/22&,/.#&2#F/#&225-/#$;/#*$;/%#
21/&I/%2#I"*F2#F;&$#F/#&%/#$&+I(",#&N*5$
C'3(%,:1*5+".3(1D(.1"53E5
)'>&%.+$(F1"53E5E##>$;/%#4;&%&4$/%(2)42#$;&$#-&I/2#52#5"'/%2$&"'#$;/#-/22&,/#&2#3*%#/0&-1+/#$;/#
1+&4/#F;/%/#$;/#F*%'#(2#F%(H/"<#C*-/#1(/4/2#*3#'(24*5%2/#4&"#*"+9#N/#("$/%1%/$/'#N9#I"*F(",#$;/#
1;92(4&+#4*"$/0$<#@;(2#(2#4&++/'#/3%E%&#[#1*(")",#7(&#+&",5&,/<
A0&-1+/E#\G12L++#;&7/#$*#N%(",#5'%&($1,1**1@.#N/4&52/(%5#(2#"*$#'3*3("1@]
H1,3(5>:3&(1D(/3%E%&7(T/%2*"#'/(0(2.#$/-1*%&+#'/(0(2.#1+&4/#'/(0(2
F1I53E57(#@;/#+(",5(2)4#4*"$/0$<##@;/#25%%*5"'(",#$/0$#$;&$#&44*-1&"(/2#$;/#F*%'#&"'#-&I/2#52#
5"'/%2$&"'#$;/#-/&"(",#*3#$;&$#F*%'#F($;("#$;&$#$/0$
Distributing prohibited | Downloaded by Cfisd Center ([email protected])
lOMoARcPSD|2520155
Unlock document

This preview shows pages 1-3 of the document.
Unlock all 39 pages and 3 million more documents.

Already have an account? Log in
1st semester 2016 Cristian Varela
J3D3*3".37(#O4$#N9#F;(4;#&#21/&I/%#52/2#+&",5&,/#$*#/"&N+/#&#+(2$/"/%#$*#('/")39#2*-/$;(",<#@;/#
%/+&)*"#N/$F//"#F*%'2#&"'#+(",5(2)4#/01%/22(*"2#&%/#&%N($%&%9<##C*-/)-/2#F/#52/#*N^/4$2#$*#%/3/%
$*#1/*1+/.#3*%#/0&-1+/.#4+*$;/2#$;&$#;/K2;/#(2#F/&%(",<#6Mr. Apple, Mrs. Blue Glasses8
8"D3*3".37(O''()*"&+#("3*%-&)*"#52/'#N9#$;/#+(2$/"/%#$*#4*""/4$#F;&$#(2#2&('#$*#F;&$#-52$#N/#
-/&"$<
A0&-1+/2E##Where's the lemon juice si$ng?
Can I look at your Chomsky?
We saw Picasso in the museum
K"+:'1*+7(H2?&3L23"5#%/3/%/"4/#$*#&"#&+%/&'9#("$%*'54/'#/")$9<#S/#"//'#$;/#1%/7(*52#'(24*5%2/#
6$;/#4*_$/0$8#$*#5"'/%2$&"'#$;(2#&"&1;*%(4#4*"4/1$<
A0&-1+/E##My brother came to see me. He was furious
## I was wai6ng for the bus, but he just drove by.#Z#$;/#'%(7/%#9%"/%*3.5(+"+:'1*%.(
*3D3*3".3=
)*3&2::1&%-1"7(S;&$#&#21/&I/%#&225-/2#(2#$%5/#*%#I"*F"#N9#$;/#;/&%/%.#$&I(",#I"*F+/',/#3*%#
,%&"$/'<
A0&-1+/E##`our girlfriend is wai6ng outside ##### 6O225-1)*"#9*5#;&7/#&#,(%+3%(/"'8
###################John was on his way to school# #### 6a*;"#(2#&#4;(+'8
###Last week he hadn't be able to control the class# 6U/#(2#&#$/&4;/%8
####I used to smoke 6`*5#"*#+*",/%#2-*I/8
O#$/2$#$*#I"*F#1%/2511*2()*"2#(2#$;/#.1"&5+".>(2"/3*("3#+-1"#$;&$#-/&"2#$;&$#F;/"#9*5#"/,&$/#
&#4+&52/#F;&$2#%/-&("2#$;/#2&-/#(2#1%/2511*2/'
)1$%53"3&&7(#C;*F(",#&F&%/"/22#*3#&"*$;/%L2#1/%2*"#3&4/<####
0%&.12*&3(+"+$>&%&
b(24*5%2/#'/&+2#F($;#&4$5&+#%"&5+".3&(65"(J5/#/0&-1+/2#*3#+&",5&,/#("#&#21/4(Y4#1*("$#*3#)-/8#*3#
4*--5"(4&)7/#&4)*"<##b(24*5%2/#&"&+92(2#'*/2#"*$#(-1+9#*"+9#+(",5(2)4#&"&+92(2#&2#($#&+2*#("4+5'/2#
*$;/%#1&%$2#*3#4*--5"(4&)*"E#,/2$5%/2.#,&:/.#N*'9#+&",5&,/<<<
a/%%9#C/("3/+'#$/0$#Z#/0&-1+/#*"#;*F#*$;/%#4*--5"(4&)7/#$%&($2#*3#+&",5&,/#&4$#("#'(24*5%2/.#&2#
1&52/2<#@;/#+*",/%#$;/#1&52/#(2.#$;/#N(,,/%#$;/#3&7*%#F*5+'#N/<
U*F#($#(2#$;&$#+&",5&,/_52/%2#("$/%1%/$#F;&$#*$;/%#+&",5&,/_52/%2#("$/"'#$*#4*"7/9V
c&I/#2/"2/#*3#F;&$#F/#%/&'#("#$/0$2<
G"'/%2$&"'#F;&$#21/&I/%2#-/&"#'/21($/#F;&$#$;/9#2&9#6("$/")*"2#N/$F//"#$;/#'(24*5%2/8
d/4*,"(:/#4*""/4$/'#&2#*11*2/'#$*#^5-N+/'#*%#("4*;/%/"$#'(24*5%2/.#$;/#"&$5%&+#("2)"4$#(2
$*#$%9#$*#5"'/%2$&"'#/7/%9$;(",
C544/2235++9#$&I/#1&%$#("#4*"7/%2&)*"#N9#3*++*F(",#4/%$&("#%5+/2<#C*-/#*3#$;/#%5+/2#&%/#2*#
(";/%/"$#("#*5%#45+$5%/#$;&$#F/#'*"L$#1&9#&H/")*"#$*#$;/-<
R9#'*(",#&++#$;(2#2$/12.#F/#&%/#'*(",#'(24*5%2/#&"&+92(2<
A0&-1+/2#("$/%1%/)",#'(24*5%2/E
e&",5&,/_52/%2#4&"E
=*1/#F($;#3%&,-/"$2#254;#&2E
Trains collide, two die –#S/#&%/#Y++(",#&#,&1#$*#5"'/%2$&"'#$;/#&4$5&+#-/22&,/.#*5%#
N&4I,%*5"'#I"*F+/',/#-&I/2#52#("3/%#$;&$#$%&("2#4&"L$#'(/#&"'#$;/#=OCGOe#
%/+&)*"2;(1#N/$F//"#$%&("2#&"'#'9(",#(2#$;&$#f#1/*1+/#("2('/#$;/#$%&("2#'(/'#'5/#$*#
4*++(2(*"
No shoes, no service – =>?b!@!>?Oe#%/+&)*"2;(1#6!3#9*5#&%/"L$#N%(",(",#2;*/2.#
9*5L%/#"*$#,*(",#$*#N/#2/%7/'8#/7/"#(3#($L2#"*$#/01+(4($<
Distributing prohibited | Downloaded by Cfisd Center ([email protected])
lOMoARcPSD|2520155
Unlock document

This preview shows pages 1-3 of the document.
Unlock all 39 pages and 3 million more documents.

Already have an account? Log in
1st semester 2016 Cristian Varela
=*1/#F($;#5",%&--&)4&+#3*%-2E#Supermarket near here you know?
U*F#'*#F/#%/&4$#$*#+&",5&,/V
S/#$%9#$*#-&I/#2/"2/#*3#$/0$2#&"'#&%%(7/#$*#&"#("$/%1%/$&)*"
g*%#$;(2E#F/#%/+9#*"#+(",5(2)4#3*%-#&"'#2$%54$5%/.#N5$#F/#&11+9#-*%/#I"*F+/',/#$;&"#$;&$#
$*#'*#$;(2#1%*4/22<
F1'3&%1"(M()/2#*%#4*""/4)*"2#F($;("#$/0$2<
C3E52+$%5>([#T%*1/%$9#*3#&"9#$/0$#F;(4;#'(2)",5(2;/2#($#3%*-#&#%&"'*-#2/J5/"4/#*3#5"4*""/4$/'#
2/"$/"4/2<#O++#$/0$2#"//'#$/0$5%/#$*#N/#&#$/0$#6'(M/%/"4/#F($;#"*"_$/0$#Z#2$%/&-#*3#2/"$/"4/2#
5"4*""/4$/'#&"'#F($;*5$#4*;/2(*"8
=*""/4)*"2#1%/2/"$#("#4*;/2(*"#&"'#$/0$5&+($9#6;*F#'*#F/#I"*F#$;&$#&#$/0$#(2#%/&++9#&#$/0$8
4&3(1D(:*1"12"&#6/2$&N+(2;/2#4*""/4)*"2#N/$F//"#2/"$/"4/28
N3E%.+$(A+*%+-1"E#52/#*3#29"*"9-2.#;91*"9-9#6/01+*()",#+/0(4&+#%/+&)*"8
%/($/%&)*"#Z#'(%/4$#%/1/))*"
=*""/4)*"2#1%/2/"$#N9E
F1""3.51*&#6-&%I#%/+&)*"2;(12#N/$F//"#1(/4/2#*3#'(24*5%2/8
O3*?(53"&3&#64*""/4)*"2#N/$F//"#/7/"$28
d/3/%/"4/#4&"#N/#&+2*#6N/2('/2#&"&1;*%(4#&"'#4&$&1;*%(48
AE1:'1*%.(*3D3*3".3&E#+**I(",#*5$F&%'2.#-&9N/#("#$;/#%/&+#F*%+'<
!$#'(%/4$2#52#$*#$;/#(--/'(&$/#4*"$/0$#*%#I"*F+/',/#&225-/'#N9#$;/#21/&I/%#K#F%($/%#&2#&#1&%$#*3#&#
2;&%/'#F*%+'<
A0&-1+/E##The Government are to blame for the unemployment
We always take the car since we can just put the kids, the dog and the luggage into it.
F1'3*3".3
!"$/%1%/$&)*"2#-&'/#N9#$;/#21/&I/%#K#("$/%+*45$*%#K#F%($/%#K#%/&'/%#Z#-/&"(",#%/+&)*"2
@;/#-/&"(",#(2#"*$#/01+(4($#("#$;/#$/0$.#F/#&2#21/&I/%2#N5(+'#$;/#-/&"(",<
A0&-1+/E
U/%E#That's the telephone
U(-E#I'm in the bath
U/%E#OK
@;(2#$/0$#(2#"*$#4*;/2(7/#N5$#(2#4*;/%/"$#&2#F/#5"'/%2$&"'#$;/#1%&,-&)4#-/&"(",#N/;("'#$;/#$/0$<
U/%E#dAhGAC@ Can you answer the phone?
U(-E#dAgGCOe# I'm sorry I can't. I'm in the bath
U/%E#G?bAd@Oi!?j#>g#@UA#O=@!>?# OK, nervermind.
H:33.'(+.5&#[#S;&$#&#1(/4/#*3#+&",5&,/#(2#1/%3*%-(",.#1/%3*%-&"4/#*3#&#1&%)45+&%#&4$#N9#52(",#
+&",5&,/#3*%-2
A0&-1+/E
I bought a new car. It suits#Mary. She loves red. It is Peter's shirt colour
=*;/2(7/#),;$#2/"$/"4/#N5$#"*#2/"2/#2/"$/"4/#6"*"#4*;/%/"$8
P1*,(A&Q(P2".-1"
You drink it
C$&$/-/"$E##OE#@;/%/L2#2*-/#&11+/#^5(4/#+/kV#b*#9*5#F&"$#($V#RE#`*5#'%("I#($
=*--&"'E##OE#c5-.#!#'*"L$#F&"$#-*%/#&11+/#^5(4/V#RE#`*5#'%("I#($
Open the door
=*--&"'E#OE#@;/#'**%N/++L2#%(",(",<#>1/"#$;/#'**%<
h5/2)*"E##OE#U&7/#9*5#*%,&"(:/'#&#25%1%(2/#N(%$;'&9#1&%$9#3*%#-/V#RE#>1/"#$;/#'**%<<<
Distributing prohibited | Downloaded by Cfisd Center ([email protected])
lOMoARcPSD|2520155
Unlock document

This preview shows pages 1-3 of the document.
Unlock all 39 pages and 3 million more documents.

Already have an account? Log in

Document Summary

In tradi onal grammar, experts focused on tradi onal concepts as sentences (invented and made up), analyzed in isola on to arrive to the goal of meaning. In more modern grammars, experts focus on the message depending on the context in order to convey meaning. In these modern grammar, context plays an important role. Seman cs pragma cs: pragma cs deals with the meaning in context, seman cs in sentences and words in isola on: u(erance: in pragma cs, instead of dealing with sentences, we deal with u(erances. U(erances are par cular to spoken language and they are unique as the speaker can say the u(erance in one way or another depending on the context of produc on. The approach in pragma cs is more descrip ve than prescrip ve. The focus in on the speaker and what he/she wants to convey (the speaker"s intended meaning)

Get access

Grade+20% off
$8 USD/m$10 USD/m
Billed $96 USD annually
Grade+
Homework Help
Study Guides
Textbook Solutions
Class Notes
Textbook Notes
Booster Class
40 Verified Answers
Class+
$8 USD/m
Billed $96 USD annually
Class+
Homework Help
Study Guides
Textbook Solutions
Class Notes
Textbook Notes
Booster Class
30 Verified Answers

Related Documents