MCDB 310 Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Pyrrole, Myoglobin, Protein Folding
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What is the percent sequence identity between hemoglobin (2HHB) and myoglobin (1A6M)?
A. | 93% | |
B. | 39.46% | |
C. | 25.17% | |
D. | 4.08% |
QUESTION 2
Which of the following statements is consistent with the sequence similarity parameter?
A. | The abundance of amino acids with similar properties that are arranged in the same order is equal to the abundance of identical amino acids. | |
B. | These parameters are not related and cannot be compared. | |
C. | The abundance of amino acids with similar properties that are arranged in the same order is less than the abundance of identical amino acids. | |
D. | The abundance of amino acids with similar properties that are arranged in the same order is higher than the abundance of identical amino acids. |
QUESTION 3
Which of the following statements is consistent with the similarity parameter and visualization of the aligned structures?
A. | Hemoglobin and myoglobin do not have similar structures. | |
B. | Hemoglobin and myoglobin have only moderately similar structures, as indicated by the large abundance of gray chains. | |
C. | Hemoglobin and myoglobin have very similar structures. | |
D. | Hemoglobin and myoglobin are perfectly aligned at every amino acid. |
QUESTION 4
Hemoglobin (2HHB) is ___ amino acids shorter than myoglobin; the sequence alignment considers only ___ amino acids, and alignment results show that hemoglobin is missing a contiguous strand of ___ amino acids.
A. | 10; 141; 6 | |
B. | 10; 141; 5 | |
C. | 10; 147; 6 | |
D. | 10; 147; 5 |
QUESTION 5
Which of the following statements best describes the evolutionary relationship between hemoglobin and myoglobin?
A. | The low sequence identity indicates that hemoglobin and myoglobin are not related, as tertiary structure cannot be used to study protein evolution. | |
B. | Both the high sequence identity and structural similarity suggest that hemoglobin and myoglobin are related. | |
C. | The difference in sequence identity and similarity values suggests that hemoglobin and myoglobin are related. | |
D. | The high structural similarity suggests that hemoglobin and myoglobin are related, while the low sequence identity suggests that the genes for each protein have diverged through mutation and deletion of several amino acids. |
QUESTION 6
The comparison of sequences and tertiary structures in this exercise indicates that:
A. | only similar amino acid sequences can provide the same tertiary structure. | |
B. | different amino acid sequences can provide very similar tertiary structures. |
QUESTION 7
The structures of deoxyhemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin are derived from the same source, have the same exact amino acid sequence and length, and differ only in the presence of noncovalently bound oxygen.
A. | True | |
B. | False |
QUESTION 8
When using the Sequencing and Structure Alignment tool, the degree of the structural similarity is shown by the superimposition of the backbones. Accordingly, which of the following statement best describes the comparison of deoxyhemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin?
A. | Only slight differences in the backbone traces occur throughout the aligned proteins. | |
B. | The only differences in the backbone traces occur near the oxygen-binding sites. | |
C. | The backbone traces of the proteins are drastically different. | |
D. | The backbone traces of the proteins are identical. |
QUESTION 9
The alignment of 2HHB and 1HHO shows that the binding of oxygen results in _______ in the protein.
A. | minor conformational changes at sites proximal and distal to the oxygen-binding site | |
B. | no conformational change | |
C. | drastic conformational changes | |
D. | minor conformational changes only within the oxygen-binding site |
QUESTION 10
The alignment of 2HHB and 1HHO shows that the conformation of the Fe-heme group _____ upon oxygen binding.
A. | changes | |
B. | does not change |
The vesicles that transport materials from donor membranes to acceptor membranes include:
1. | COP-II coated vesicles | |
2. | COP-III coated vesicles | |
3. | COP-I coated vesicles | |
4. | Clathrin coated vesicles |
2.5 points
QUESTION 11
During skeletal muscle contraction, the roles of ATP include:
1. | ATP is not required for forming the crossbridges between myosin and actin filaments. | |
2. | ATP is utilized as a structural linker to mediate the interaction between myosin and actin filaments | |
3. | Hydrolysis of ATP provides energy for myosin head to move along actin filaments and the binding of ATP to myosin head allows the detachment of myosin fromactin filaments. | |
4. | ATP binds to actin filaments to drive the power stroke of myosin head. |
2.5 points
QUESTION 12
One of the functions of smooth endoplasmic reticulum is
1. | Synthesizing steroid hormone in the endocrine cells of the gonad and adrenal cortex | |
2. | Serves as the starting point of the biosynthetic pathway | |
3. | Synthesizing secretory proteins | |
4. | Degrading cell debris |
2.5 points
QUESTION 13
The function of COP-II coated vesicles is mainly:
1. | Transporting materials from endosomes to Golgi complex | |
2. | Moving materials from the ER to the ERGIC and Golgi complex. | |
3. | Transporting materials from Golgi complex back to endoplasmic reticulum. | |
4. | Involved in receptor-mediated endocytosis. |
2.5 points
QUESTION 14
Which of the following processes is completed in rough endoplasmic reticulum?
1. | Chaperones help misfolded proteins fold correctly. | |
2. | Proteins that target to nucleus are synthesized in rough endoplasmic reticulum. | |
3. | O-linked glycosylation occurs in rough endoplasmic reticulum. | |
4. | Misfolded proteins are destructed in rough endoplamic reticulum. |
2.5 points
QUESTION 15
Kinesin is the motor protein that coorporates with microtubules. It has the following functions:
1. | It uses GTP as energy source. | |
2. | It can hydrolyze ATP and use the energy to drive cargo along microtubules from minus end to plus end. | |
3. | It has a globular head that can act as GTPase | |
4. | The tail of kinesin is more diverse and binds to cargo |
2.5 points
QUESTION 16
For correct segregation and trafficking, lysosomal proteins are tagged in the cis-Golgi with phosphorylated mannose residues, and then the tagged lysosomal enzymes are recruited to clathrin coated vesicles by mannose 6-phosphate receptors.
True
False
2.5 points
QUESTION 17
The process that specialized cells, such macrophages, engulf relatively large particles is:
1. | Called pinocytosis | |
2. | Called phagocytosis | |
3. | Mediated by COP-II coated vesicles | |
4. | Called autophagy |
2.5 points
QUESTION 18
Proteins synthesized on rough endoplasmic reticulum and smooth endoplasmic reticulum are imported co-translationally to their destinations
True
False
2.5 points
QUESTION 19
Treatment of cells with a drug that promotes microtubule disassembly disperses Golgi complex into separate stacks of membrane compartments, suggesting that:
1. | Golgi complex is made of microtubules. | |
2. | Microtubules are important for the organization of Golgi complex. | |
3. | Microtubules are transported into Golgi complex | |
4. | Golgi complex is composed of tubulin proteins |
2.5 points
QUESTION 20
Which of the following is correct about signal sequence of a secretory protein?
1. | It is an âaddress codesâ for protein trafficking pathways | |
2. | It is usually located at the C-terminus. | |
3. | It targets the ribosome and the protein that is being synthesized to endoplasmic reticulum. | |
4. | It is removed in Golgi complex. |
1.
__________ are fairly small organelles that provide a safe place within the cell to carry out certain biochemical reactions that generate harmful, highly reactive oxygen species. These chemicals are both generated and broken down in the same location.
Lysosomes |
Endosomes |
Peroxisomes |
Nucleosomes 2. Biologists cannot possibly study all living species. Instead, they try to understand cell behavior by studying a select subset of them. Which of the following characteristics are useful in an organism chosen for use as a model in laboratory studies?
|