BSC1010C Lecture Notes - Lecture 15: Red Blood Cell, Mutation Rate, Hemoglobin

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12 Oct 2016

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Flow of information in a cell: replication (dna synthesis) Results in copies of dna: transcription (rna synthesis) Results in rna: translation (protein synthesis) Results in amino acid sequence for a protein (primary structure: primary structure folds up. Normal hemoglobin carries oxygen throughout the body. A change in the 6th amino acid in the sequence results in a change in the shape and function of the hemoglobin. Hemoglobin becomes sickle red blood cell: mutation rate: Probability that a mutation will be observed in a given gene each time the cell divides. Spontaneous mutation rate = 1 in 109 replicated base pairs or 1 in 106 replicated genes. Low rate is due to cellular repair mechanisms. Mutagens increase to 10 5 or 10 3 per replicated gene: mutations occur from environmental exposure: Causes covalent bonding between adjacent thymine which forms a. Thymine dimer which distorts dna: types of mutations: Can possible change the amino acid in the sequence.

Related Questions

DNA Structure and Function LabReport

DNA Structure
Which two scientists are credited with discovering DNA?

Name the nitrogen bases that are purines.

Which nitrogen base pairs with thymine?

List the three components of a nucleotide.

DNA Replication
What is the purpose of DNA replication?

How many times does replication occur in the life of acell?

In the Lab, Exercise 2, the original strand on the left had thebases shown below. Input the new bases that correctly pair with theoriginal strand.

Original	New
C
A
G
T

RNA Structure

Describe the structure and function of RNA.

Refer to Exercise 3 and record the bases of the RNA strandproduced from the replicated DNA strand.

DNA	RNA
C
A
G
T

Record the differences between DNA and RNA in the tablebelow.

	DNA	RNA
Sugars
Bases
Strands

RNA Synthesis

The process of assembling RNA is called _________.

How is replication different from transcription?

Refer to Exercise 4. Write the letters for the base sequence ofmRNA in the spaces below DNA. Note that the order is reversed;start with the 3â end of the DNA strand and the 5â end of the mRNAstrand. Transcription is DNA to mRNA. Note RNA contains Uracilinstead of Thymine; There is no thymine in RNA.

DNA

3â

5â

mRNA

5â

3â

Protein Synthesis

What type of RNA provides amino acids to build polypeptidechains?

If a mRNA strand has the bases 5â CUC 3â, what amino acid willbe translated? Refer to the printable chart in Exercise 5.

Where in the cell does translation occur?

Genes

What could be the problem if there is a change in the basesequence of a gene as it is passed down to the offspring?

Give an example of a disorder that results from changes in theamino acid sequence.

What causes sickle cell anemia?

Gene Cloning

What is the function of a plasmid?

Print the document from Lab, Exercise 6. Complete the activityalong with the video demonstration. Sign, date, and take an imageof your final product and include with this lab report.

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1. _________________________ is the name of the process that produces proteins using RNA molecules.

a.Transcription

b Translation

c. Replication

d. Mutagenesis

2. The peptide bonding site on the ribosome:

a. A site

b. P site

c. E site

d. D site

3. The name given to the bond formed between two amino acids.

a. Hydrogen bond

b. Double bond

c. Peptide bond

d. Negative bond

4. __________________________ is the movement of the mRNA molecule on the ribosome to open up the A-site for the new incoming amino acid.

a. Transformation

b. Mutation

c. Translocation

d. Initiation

5. What does the term semi-conservative mean.

a. Replication of RNA is semi-conservative, each new strand consists of one old strand of RNA and one new strand of RNA.

b. Replication of DNA is semi-conservative, each new strand consists of one old strand of DNA and one new strand of DNA.

c. Replication of DNA is semi-conservative, each new strand consists of new strands of nucleotides.

d. Transcription of RNA is semi conservative.

6. This molecule functions during protein synthesis to recognize the codon and bring the proper amino acid back to the ribosome for translation.

a. mRNA

b. tRNA

c. rRNA

d. DNA polymerase

7. What is meant by the base-pairing rule.

a. Bases on a single strand of DNA are always found as pairs

b. Adenine always base pairs with guanine; cytosine with thymine

c. Adenine always base pairs with thymine; cytosine with guanine

d. Bases on a single strand of RNA are found in pair.

8. In this step of protein synthesis, amino acids are added to a growing polypeptide chain.

a. Initiation.

b. Elongation.

c. Termination.

d. Transpiration.

9. Three complementary bases found in a mRNA are called ____________________.

a. Anti-codon.

b. Triplet.

c. Doublet.

d. Codons.

10. Which statement best describes the job or function of the messenger RNA.

a. Carries the map of the gene sequence in the form of codons to the cytoplasm

for translation of the protein.

b. It transfers amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis.

c. It forms the ribosomes.

d. It helps replicate DNA.

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1. An occurrence of a gene made larger by trinucleotide repeats is:

Allelic expansion

Nucleotide expansion

Translocation mutation

Transformation

2. a chemical that can damage and/or change DNA is called a/an:

Allele

Endonuclease

Vector

Mutagen

3. An occurrence when a section of a chromosome relocates itself to an entirely different (non-homologous) chromosome is called a/an:

Inversion mutation

Translocation mutation

Transformation mutation

Duplication mutation

4. The tandem repeat in the sequence GGGAAGGGAAGGGAAGGGAAGGGAAG is:

GGA

GGGAA

GGAAG

GGAAGGG

A disease characterized by abnormally shaped hemoglobin is called:

Cystic Fibrosis

Sickle Cell Anemia

Marfan Syndrome

Leukemia

5. A point mutation that causes a substitution of a stop codon with an amino acid and leads to the formation of a longer protein is a:

Nonsense mutation

Missense mutation

Sense mutation

Frameshift mutation

6. Addition or deletion of nucleotides in a DNA sequence is known as a:

Nonsense mutation

Missense mutation

Sense mutation

Frameshift mutation

7. The least severe type of chromosomal mutation is:

Point

Frameshift

Inversion

Translocation

8. Chemicals inserting themselves into DNA can cause a:

Missense mutation

Nonsense mutation

Sense mutation

Frameshift mutation

9. A genetic condition caused by allelic expansion is:

Familial hypercholesterolemia

Fragile X syndrome

Alkaptonuria

Galactosemia

10. Which of the following is most likely the original DNA strand if the mutated DNA strand is ATAGUUGATGUA ?

ATAGAAGATGAA

ATAGCCGATGCA

ATAGGGGATGGA

ATAGTTGATGTA

11. An unbalanced chromosomal mutation would include a/an:

duplication (insertion)

inversion

translocation

denaturation

12. Many translocation mutations are found to be involved with:

cancers

sickle cell anemia

Huntington disease

cystic fibrosis

13. A common repeat throughout the human genome that is approximately 300 bases in length is called a/an:

EcoRI repeat

Hind repeat

Exo repeat

Alu repeat

14. A balanced chromosomal mutation includes:

imprintation

denaturation

inversion

deletion

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BSC1010C Lecture Notes - Lecture 15: Red Blood Cell, Mutation Rate, Hemoglobin

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