BISC 104Lxg Lecture Notes - Lecture 19: Antimicrobial Resistance, Common Cold, B Cell

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5 Apr 2017

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Defend against antigens that are free in body fluids, including toxins or extracellular pathogens. Effector b cells (plasma cells) use antibodies (y-shaped proteins) to neutralize the antigen. Protect against cancer cells and body cells that have become infected with viruses or other pathogens. Cytotoxic t cells cause cancer cells and infected body cells to burst. B lymphocytes (b cells): form and mature in bone marrow. T lymphocytes (t cells): form in bone marrow and mature in thymus gland. Prokaryotes: lack a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles - have a cell wall. They range in size from 100 nanometers to 7 microns. Very rapid, asexually, by binary fission, every 20 mins. Chemicals that inhibit the growth of bacteria some antibiotics prevent protein synthesis by binding to bacterial ribosomal rna. Many antibiotics break down cell walls or prevent new cell walls from forming. When bacteria become resistant, antibiotics are no longer effective. Made worse by overuse and misuse of antibiotics.

Related Questions

1. Why is the process of gene rearrangement used in creating antibodies and T-cell receptors (TCRs) so important?

A. This is how our systems produce memory of pervious exposures, a key trait in adaptive immune responses.

B. Without it, we would need a single gene for every antibody and TCR required to mount all the possible responses need ed during our lives

C. interactions with antigens stimulate cells to initiate these processes, building the best and strongest response possible to the antigen

D. this is the same DNA altering process that leads to cancer. Understanding it leads to better treatments for cancer

2. Which of the following is NOT an antimicrobial substance?

A. keratin

B. Lysozyme

C. Defensins

D. Lactoferrins

E. Peroxidases

3. Which of the following is NOT an outcome of fever?

A. Direct destruction of microbes

B. increased release of pro-inflammatory cytokines

C. increased production of lymphocytes

D. increased phagocytic killing by leukocytes

E. increased production of interferons

4. Which of the following pattern recognition receptors is/are anchored in the host cell membrane?

A. Only C-type lectin receptors (CLRs)

B. Only RIG-like receptors (RLRs)

C. TLR and CLRs

D. Only toll-like receptors (TLRs)

E. NLRs and RLRs

F. Only NOD-like receptors (NLRs)

5. Fever allows the body to fight microbial invaders by which of the following mechanisms?

A.Fever plays all of these roles in the body

B. Fever prevents microbes with lower optimum temperatures from growing, giving the immune system time to eliminate those cells

C. Fever increases the inflammatory response, but reduces the production of interferons unless the invader is a dsRNA virus

D. A moderate fever reduces the inflammatory response but stimulates phagocytic activity in neutrophils and eosinophils

E. Fever increases the multiplication of lymphocytes and enhances the release of substances that attract basophils that then engulf the microbial invader

6. According to the clonal selection theory

A. Each B cell is already programmed to produce a specific antibody

B. B cells producing autoantibodies are eliminated in the thymus

C. Self-reactive T cells are killed in the thymus AND B cells producingautoantibodies are eliminated in the thymus

D. Seld-reactive T cells are killed in the thymus

7. Apoptosis

A. is a form of programmed cell death AND is induced in target cells by effector T cytotoxic cells

B. refers to the transformation of B cells into plasma cells

C. is induced in target cells by effector T cytotoxic cell AND results specifically in T cell death

D. results specifically in T cell death AND refers to the transformation of B cells into plama cells

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging is a tool that has been very useful in identifying what parts of the brain do what. Scientists can have a person perform some particular activity and then look for active areas in the brain. How does fMRI work?

	A.	It takes a picture of the inside of the brain according to electricity levels. The more electrical current in the area, the more active it is.
	B.	It takes a picture of the inside of the brain according to blood flow. More blood flow indicates more activity in that area.
	C.	It takes images of thin layers of the brain and the more electrical activity in a layer, the more magnetic it is and this shows up in fMRI.
	D.	Electrodes attached to the skull can trigger activity in particular brain areas which then trigger a person to perform certain behaviors.
	E.	It takes a picture of the brain according to oxygen levels. More oxygen in an area indicates more activity in that area.

The strategy of vaccination to fight diseases uses what type of immunity?

	A.	Non-specific immunity
	B.	Cell-mediated immunity
	C.	Natural immunity
	D.	Specific immunity
	E.	Passive immunity

If you came into contact with Vibrio, what defense do you have to keep it from even getting to your intestines?

	A.	Your skin is an effective barrier against bacteria you come in contact with.
	B.	Antimicrobial enzymes in saliva
	C.	Acid in the stomach
	D.	Mucous membranes in the digestive and respiratory tract
	E.	All of the above

What do B cells do when they identify a pathogen?

	A.	Engulf and eat it
	B.	Kill it
	C.	Produce antigens to bind to the pathogen and memory cells to guard against future infection.
	D.	Produce antibodies to bind to the pathogen and memory cells to guard against future infection.
	E.	Engage helper T cells to fight the infection

There are chemical signals that call on non-infected cells to help fight a virus. Which are they?

	A.	Complement proteins
	B.	Macrophages
	C.	B cells
	D.	Interferons
	E.	Natural killer cells

When someone gets a bone marrow transplant, they have to be quarantined and carefully protected from pathogens for a period of time afterward. Why?

	A.	Bone marrow produces the main cells involved in the specific immune response, so these patients are at special risk of infection until they build up enough marrow to produce sufficient cells.
	B.	Bone marrow produces blood cells, so they have insufficient circulation for a period of time so their immune system lacks the energy to fight off any infection.
	C.	Anytime a foreign substance, even someone else's bone marrow, is introduced to a body, there is an extra risk of infection.
	D.	A common complication of bone marrow transplants is infection, and doctor's don't want the infection to spread to others.
	E.	It's a traumatic procedure, and any extra stress on their body could kill them.

Topic A

1. Indicate to which branch(es) of theimmune system the following statements apply.

Explain your answer.

a) Involves macrophages

b) Responds to viral infection

c) Involves T cells

d) Responds to bacterial toxins

e) Most likely responds following an organ transplant

f) Involves cytotoxic T cells

g) Involves B cells

h) Involves complement

i) Responds to extracellular bacterial infection

j) Involves secreted antibody

k) Kills virus infected self cells

I) Involves the thymus

m) Involves the bone marrow

2. You are given two solutions, one containing protein A and theother the antibody to this protein both at about 5mg/ml. When youadd 1 ml of anti-A to 1 ml of protein A, a precipitate forms.However, when you dilute the antibody solution 20 fold and then mix1 ml of the diluted anti-A with 1 ml protein A, no precipitateforms.

Explain why no precipitate formed with the diluted antibody.

3. An energetic immunology student has isolated protein X.

The student believes it is a new isotype of humanimmunoglobulin.

a)What structural features would protein X have to have in orderto be classified as an immunoglobulin?

b) You prepare rabbit antibodies to (i) whole human IgG, (ii) tohuman ÃÂ» chain and (iii) to human ÃÂ³ chain.

Assuming protein X is in fact a new immunoglobulin isotype,which of these antibodies will bind to protein X? Explain why?

TOPIC B

4. a) Describe the time course of a typical antibody response totetanus toxoid

b) Outline a vaccination schedule that makes effective use ofthis information.

5. a) Tetanus immunoglobulin from the horse can be used toprotect an individual against tetanus. How is the treatmentadministered and what are the advantages/disadvantages of this formof immunisation? 2

b) Is it possible to confer cell mediated immunity on anunsensitised recipient by transferring cells?

c) Would this be a practical method of immunisation, and whatproblems may be encountered in this type of experiment?

6. If you inject a rabbit with a large protein antigen X andsubsequently harvest the antiserum from the animal, would youexpect the antibodies to X in the antiserum to be monoclonal orpolyclonal?

TOPIC C

7. a) Why, if the immune system is so efficient, do we continueto suffer from infectious diseases?

b) Speculate on the consequences if the immune system were tolose its ability to distinguish self-antigens from foreignones.

c) If a child is born without a thymus gland, what will be thenature of the child's illness

d) If a child were born with a defect in the complement system,say a deficiency in function C3, what would be theconsequences?

8 Considering only combinational joining of gene segments andassociation of light and heavy chains, how many different antibodymolecules potentially could be generated from germ line DNAcontaining 500VL and 4JL gene segments and 200VH. 10DH and 4JH genesegments?

9 During an immune response to antigen, the antibodies producedduring a secondary and subsequent responses have a greater affinityfor antigen than those produced during a primary response toantigen

Explain what is meant by "affinity"

Explain in principle the mechanism which explains the aboveobservation re increasing antibody affinity for antigen insecondary and subsequent responses

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BISC 104Lxg Lecture Notes - Lecture 19: Antimicrobial Resistance, Common Cold, B Cell

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