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KINE 200 Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: Gregor Mendel, Punnett Square, Spermatogenesis

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School
W&M
Department
Kinesiology Activity
Course
KINE 200
Professor
Ashleigh Queen

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Document Summary

Genetics is the study of how alleles of genes are passed on to the next generation. A gene is a segment of dna that codes for specific proteins. Each gene has multiple alleles (versions) each parent will give their child a different allele of each gene. Genetics is based on the principle that we inherit a full set of chromosomes from each parent, but the chromosomes have different alleles of the same genes. Diploid we have 2 full sets of chromosomes. The only cells in the human body that are not diploid are the egg and sperm. When the two fuse during fertilization the result will be a new diploid individual. Gregor mendel a monk who worked with pea plant to give us a better understanding of the way alleles are passed from one generation to the next. Principle of segregation the pair of chromosomes from the mother and father will separate during the formation of egg and sperm cells.

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Related Questions

Ploidy refers to the number of complete sets of chromosomes (genes) present in a cell. The number of chromosomes in a complete set is a fixed characteristic of a species. Humans are diploid with two sets of 23 chromosomes. Fruit flies are diploid with two sets of 4 chromosomes. Sexually reproducing organisms are diploid, each somatic cell of an organism has two complete sets ("di" is a prefix indicating 2.). To complete a life cycle and reproduce new members of a species, mating is required. Mating brings a donation from a male and a donation from a female together. However, if the male and female cells remain diploid, the fertilization will result in a tetraploid zygote. In general, these are not viable. A mechanism is needed to form special haploid cells, gametes. The diploid set is split precisely into two complete haploid sets. That mechanism is meiosis.

The complete set of chromosomes of a species is also the complete set of genes of a species, the genome. (Yes, there is a minor contribution from mitochondria and chloroplasts. Inheritance of this information is "cytoplasmic".)

Please answer the following questions:

1. How many chromosomes in a brain cell of a fruit fly? How many chromosomes are in a liver cell of a human? Explain both answers.

2. How many chromosomes are in a fruit fly unfertilized egg? How many chromosomes are in a human egg? Explain both answers.

3. Why is meiosis necessary for sexually reproducing organisms? How many chromosomes are in a human zygote? Relate the two answers.

4. What is a gene allele? Suppose there is a gene called "bingo" and it is present once in a complete haploid set. How many alleles of "bingo" does a diploid individual have? How many copies or versions of the gene "bingo" are present in a diploid individual?

5. Modern DNA sequencing clearly identifies alleles by showing the different DNA sequence of each allele. These alleles may be termed structural alleles (I coined the term for this problem.). Classical genetics only dealt with phenotypes or visible traits. As a result, alleles of genes were identified by functionality, usually normal or non-functional. Using your knowledge of gene structure and gene expression, postulate a relationship between structural alleles and functional alleles. (include relative amounts; more, less, or equal).

These all relate to exceptions to the inheritance patterns encountered by Mendel.​

Why do multiple and lethal alleles often result in modifications of the classic Mendelian monohybrid and dihybrid ratios?

Select the four correct statements.

-When an essential gene is mutated, it can result in a lethal phenotype. There are no classic Mendelian monohybrid and dihybrid ratios.
-In the case of codominance, heterozygotes produce gene products from both alleles of a gene. Classic Mendelian monohybrid and dihybrid ratios are modified by codominance.
-In the case of incomplete dominance, the phenotype of the heterozygote is distinct from and often intermediate to the phenotypes of homozygous individuals. Classic Mendelian monohybrid and dihybrid ratios are modified by incomplete dominance.
-Genes exist in a large number of allelic versions and a diploid organism has two homologous gene loci that may be occupied by different alleles of the same gene. This can result in many different phenotypes for traits, which may not follow typical Mendelian ratios.
-When an essential gene is mutated, it can result in a lethal phenotype. This results in a modification of classic Mendelian ratios.
-The phenotype of the heterozygous genotype is distinct from and often intermediate to the phenotypes of the homozygous genotypes. The joint expression of both alleles in a heterozygote is called codominance. There are no classic Mendelian monohybrid and dihybrid ratios.
-Genes exist in a large number of allelic versions, but in a diploid organism, only one allele of the gene can occupy one homologous gene loci. Classic Mendelian inheritance cannot explain this phenomenon.
-Each gene produces a unique gene product. The effect of one allele in a heterozygote completely masks the effect of the other. Classic Mendelian genetics cannot explain this phenomenon.

Which statements pertaining to genetic variability are correct? Check all that apply (note that wrong answers will be deducted from right answers)!

Crossing over is defined by the exchange of chromosome pieces during metaphase one of meiosis.
If a germ cell (i.e. parent cell before meiosis) had only two pairs of homologous chromosomes (i.e. 4 chromosomes total) there are 2 possible combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes in gametes.
Siblings produced by sexual reproduction are different because sperms are different from one another and eggs are different from one another, and the combination of an egg and sperm is basically unique.
Random fertilization means that all possible combinations of eggs and sperm are equally likely, i.e. it is pure chance which sperm fuses with which egg.
Individual chromosomes contain thousands of genes. This means that during each crossing over event, more than one gene is exchanged between paternal and maternal chromosomes.