BIOL 206 Lecture Notes - Lecture 16: Apoplast, Plasmodesma, Symplast

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4 Dec 2016

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Plant transport occurs in two vascular tissues (what"s transported: xylem. H2o uptake by roots; transport via xylem; loss to the atmosphere via stomata. Path of water is always root to shoot. Co2 and o2 exchanged from atmosphere to leaves via stomata. N2, ethylene (used for plant to plant communication) At night you would see a net loss of co2 and a net gain of o2 as the plants continue to undergo cellular respiration in the absence of sunlight: phloem (bi-directional) Sugars (produced by leaves, the primary organ of photosynthesis, sugars need to be transported throughout the plant to all the various tissues that need those photosynthates) Composed of cellulose microfibrils, hemicellulose, and pectin. Primary cell wall is permeable to water, minerals, and things dissolved in minerals, which makes it not selectively permeable. The plasma membrane (which lies right underneath the primary cell wall) however. Is selectively permeable: primary and secondary cell walls add strength.

Related Questions

1. Select the true statements concerning tracheids.

	Tracheids are responsible foranchoring the plant to a substrate.
	Pterophytes lack tracheids but haveeuphylls.
	Without tracheids colonization ofland would not have been possible.
	All of the large dominant extantland plants are tracheophytes.
	Tracheids allow for efficienttransport of water over longer distances.

2. Plants lacking well-developed conducting systems such asmosses, liverworts, and hornworts have been called

angiosperms.

3.Select the true statements concerning gametophytes andsporophytes.

Both produce gametes.

Sporophytes are alwaysnutritionally dependent on the gametophytes.

Across all plant speciesgametophytes tend to remain small.

Only sporophytes produce eggs.

Antheridia are located on the gametophyte.

4. A waxy cuticle helps prevents desiccation. What is the costof this adaptation?

Slower H₂Otransport

Reduced gas permeability

Lowered light absorption

Increased exposure to damaging UVradiation

Increased susceptibility to pathogenic infection

5.Select the best answer to complete the following statement.Stomata are openings used by plants for the passage of

carbon dioxide, oxygen, and watervapor.

only carbon dioxide and spores orgametes.

only carbon dioxide and watervapor.

only carbon dioxide andpollen.

only oxygen and carbon dioxide.

6.One of the main distinctions between charophytes and landplants is the possession of a cuticle. Why do modern charophyteslack a cuticle?

Their tough seed coats negate theneed for a cuticle.

Cuticles aren't necessary whenliving in water.

Modern Charophytes make up for theabsence of a cuticle by have large numbers of stomata.

Charophytes have a haplodiplontic life cycle.

7.Select the following plant adaptations for the terrestrialenvironment that are correctly listed by their function.

Stomata allow for gas exchangebetween the plant and the atmosphere.

Tracheids protect againstdesiccation.

Stomata transport water aroundplant body.

Tracheids transport water and minerals around the plantbody.

8.What would be the simplest way for a non-botanist to confirmthat the fern is not a small palm?

Height, all ferns are verysmall

Lack of roots, palms have roots butferns do not

Leaf shape, only ferns havedissected leaves

Dots on the underside of the leaf, only ferns have sporangiaunder their fronds

9.Select the true statements relating to the colonization ofland by plants.

Desiccation is a much more commonproblem in terrestrial environments.

Cuticle layers reduce gasexchange.

Xylem tissue, seeds and stomata arefound on both plants and charophytes.

Without trachids land plant would not have been to able to growmore than just a meter or so tall.

10.Survival on land for organisms is difficult because of theproblem of

syngamy.

11. Well-developed vascular systems are absent in all of thefollowing except

Pterophytes.

12. Bryophytes, like ferns and certain other tracheophyteplants, require

soil to reproduce sexually.

water to reproduce sexually.

sunlight to reproducesexually.

air to reproduce sexually.

shade to reproduce sexually.

13.Plant success on the terrestrial landscape is linked to theevolution of all of the following except

	gas-filled air spaces.
	stems.
	specialized reproductivefeatures.
	specialized roots.
	increased area for photosynthesisin the leaves.

violetantelope136

Which of the following provides evidence for evolution?

All of these answers are correct

Comparing DNA sequences between species

Looking at the geographic distribution of similar species

Analyzing transitional fossils

Which one of the following statements is true?

Natural selection works on non-heritable traits.

Mutations only give rise to harmful traits.

Natural selection works on variation already present in a population.

Individuals evolve through natural selection.

Which one of the following can create new alleles?

Which of the following is true concerning evolution?

An individual can evolve

Genetic drift is a non-random part of natural selection

An organism's fitness is determined by how long it survives

Natural selection occurs through a change in allele frequency

All living things need carbon. How does carbon enter the living portion of an ecosystem?

Atmospheric carbon dioxide taken in by photosynthesis.

Atmospheric carbon dioxide taken in by soil bacteria.

Elemental carbon taken in by plant roots.

Elemental carbon taken in by cellular respiration.

Elemental carbon taken in by cellular transpiration.

The burning of fossil fuels:

Releases excess carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

Removes pollutants from the atmosphere.

Was developed by scientists to combat global climate change.

Has no effect on the carbon cycle.

Is good for the environment

__________ conducts water and dissolved minerals from the __________ to the ___________.

Phloem; roots; shoots

Xylem; roots; shoots

Phloem; shoots; roots

Xylem; shoots; roots

What is a disadvantage of growing traditional crops such as corn, soy or sugar cane for making biofuel?

they require lots of land and fresh water

they take carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere

they release oxygen into the atmosphere

they release water through their stomata

______ is the source of the oxygen gas released by a photosystem.

Through what structure(s) do plants obtain most of their water?

Directions: Write out your answers in the word document and then copy and paste everything into the text box. If you do not include the question along with your answer, you will be marked down.

1. What would happen if you put pGLO directly onto an agar plate and you checked on it after letting it incubate?

a. It would glow

b. It would grow

c. Nothing

d. E.Coli would grow

2. Explain in a short sentence or two your reasoning for question 1.

3. What shape is a plasmid?

4. How is a plasmid different from human DNA? Write one difference.

5. Bacteria can share DNA through a unique method called transformation. What are the TWO requirements a bacteria cell must possess in order to share DNA with another bacteria cell?

6. Why during our experiment did we put our e.Coli with pGLO inserted in it onto agar plates with ampicillin (Amp)?

a. So that it would kill the e.Coli and serve as our control

b. To kill all the e.Coli that did not take up the pGLO

c. To create antibiotic resistant bacteria

d. To cause the e.Coli to glow

7. Yeast cells are what type of cell?

a. Bacteria

b. Eukaryotes

c. Prokaryotes

d. Archaea

8. Why would someone study yeast cells instead of human cells?

9. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: If your cells is exposed to UV light and it causes a thymidine dimer, your cell is doomed to die.

10. Are wildtype (control) yeast immune to UV light damage?

11. BTB was a dye we used to directly measure ________

a. PH

b. Oxygen

c. Carbon Dioxide

d. Carbon

12. BTB was a dye we used to INDIRECTLY measure ________

a. PH

b. Oxygen

c. Carbon Dioxide

d. Carbon

13. What is one reason why a plant would want to close its stomata?

14. What is one function that ground tissues provides for a plant?

15. List one difference between monocots and dicots

16. Why is it important for a plant to have stomata? Write one reason why

17. What is the purpose of xylem in a plant cell?

18. Pholem is also important to plant cells, what is itâs purpose?

19. This theory explains why trees can grow to such tall heights and still provide water to their leaves.

a. Translocation

b. Transpiration

c. Cohesion-Tension

d. Vacuum

20. Fill in the blank

Pholem is considered to be a(n) _________ transport system while xylem is considered a(n) _______________transport system.

21. Apical meristems are found in these two places on a plant

a. At the site of new leaf growth and the roots closes to the top of the soil

b. Vascular tissue and ground tissue

c. Ground tissue and dermal tissue

d. The point of new growth on the stem and root

22. Fill in the blank.

Xylem moves substances _____ while phloem moves substances _____ a plant.

23. What are the two types of digestive mechanisms?

24. What is one benefit that mastication has for digestion?

25. What is an example of an organism that digests food intracellularly?

26. What is an example of an organism that digests food extracellularly?

27. Give two examples of where surface area is increased in a small space to aid in absorption within the human body

28. Name one difference between arteries and veins.

29. What is the role of capillaries in the circulatory system?

30. How are the terms âexcretionâ and âdefecationâ different?

31. What is the role of the ADH hormone?

32. What does the term âMedullaâ refer to when talking about mammalian tissue?

a. The outer edges of a tissue

b. The middle of a tissue

c. The top of a tissue

d. The bottom of a tissue

33. Fill in the blank

Mammals have a _______ circulatory system while insects have a _______ circulatory system.

34. What is one benefit a closed circulatory system provides?

35. What is hemolymph?

BIOL 206 Lecture Notes - Lecture 16: Apoplast, Plasmodesma, Symplast

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