CHY 183 Lecture Notes - Lecture 15: Polymerase Chain Reaction, Microsatellite, Tandem Repeat

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ladylycium

28 Feb 2022

School

Ryerson University

Department

Chemistry

Course

CHY 183

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Document Summary

99. 9% of human genome identical among homo sapiens. Only portions of dna unique to the individual. Tandem repeats: segments of dna that are repeated a variable number of times. All cells of living organisms contain dna (code is universal) Every cell of an organism has the same exact dna. Human cells contain two types of dna; nuclear and mitochondrial. Mitochondria: structure found in all cells used to provide energy to our bodies. Composed of a sugar, phosphorous-containing group, and a nitrogen containing molecule called a base. Adenine (a), guanine (g), cytosine (c), and thymine (t) Double helix: two strands wrapped around each other. Complementary base pairing: bases on each pair matched at, gc. Polymerase chain reaction (pcr) testing: replicate small quantites of small amounts/broken dna found @ crime scene/outside living cell. Dna polymerase and free nucleotides added to rebuild separated strand i. i. Primer: short dna strands that target specific regions for replication.

Related Questions

1) Proteins can interact with double-stranded DNA via non-covalent interactions. Among the different types of interactions listed below, which one(s) is/are most likely used by DNA-binding proteins to recognize DNA? Select all that apply.

Hydrogen bonds,Hydrophobic interactions,Electrostatic interactions,Disulfide bonds

2) What reagents are needed for a typical PCR reaction?Select all that apply

Two primers,Human DNA polymerase,Taq polymerase,DNA ligase,Four dNTPs,Buffer with Mg^2+,Template DNA,Four NTPs

3) A new investigator would like to express and purify a newly discovered protein. She decides to clone the gene into a plasmid that contains the sequence for a hexahistidine tag. Plasmids that contain a sequence for a hexahistidine tag will produce a recombinant protein with six extra histidine residues at the N- or C-terminus of the protein of interest.

Order the following steps for construction of the expression plasmid, expression and purification of the protein. The gene of interest will be introduced between the NotI and HindIII restriction sites.(1-5)

Purify the protein using a column of immobilized Ni²⁺.

Introduce NotI and HindIII rrestriction sites at the ends of the gene of interest via PCR.

Digest the plasmid and DNA encoding the genes with NotI and HindIII restriction endonucleases

Transform the plasmid into E. coli for protein expression.

Ligate the cut plasmid and DNA insert.

Proteins are naturally occurring polymers formed by condensation reactions of amino acids, which have the general structure

In this structure, –R represents –H, –CH₃, or another group of atoms; there are 20 different natural amino acids, and each has one of 20 different R groups. (a) Draw the general structure of a protein formed by condensation polymerization of the generic amino acid shown here. (b) When only a few amino acids react to make a chain, the product is called a “peptide” rather than a protein; only when there are 50 amino acids or more in the chain would the molecule be called a protein. For three amino acids (distinguished by having three different R groups, R1, R2, and R3), draw the peptide that results from their condensation reactions. (c) The order in which the R groups exist in a peptide or protein has a huge influence on its biological activity. To distinguish different peptides and proteins, chemists call the first amino acid the one at the “N terminus” and the last one the one at the “C terminus.” From your drawing in part (b) you should be able to figure out what “N terminus” and “C terminus” mean. How many different peptides can be made from your three different amino acids?

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Please answer all the questions

11/3 11/4 4 (a) What is an a-amino acid? (b) How do amino acids react to form proteins? Vinyl chloride is industrially important because it is the monomer from which the polymer, poly(vinyl chlonide (PVC) is obtained. Explain what s meant by monomer and polymer and name the process by which a monomer is converted to a polymer Wite an equation to represent the conversion of vinyl chloride to PVC 5 Write a chemical equation for the formation of alanylserine from the constituent amino acids 10. Polypeptides and proteins are important biological examples of condensation polymers. Draw in 2-D, two repeating units of the polypeptide formed only from the amino acid, glycine: NH CH-CO,H 6 Wha t amino acids would be obtained by hydrolysis of the following tripeptide? H2NCHCNHCH CNHCHCOH 11. Nylon is a polyamide-type of polymer often derived from the reaction between two different monomers 1,6-diaminohexane, HN(CHzuNH, and hexane 1,6-dioic acid HOC(CH2)aCO2H. (CHj)2 ?? ????? ?? (a) Identify electrophilic and nucleophilic sites in each of the reactant molecules and then indicate which atoms are likely to react with each other Given that one water molecule is eliminated for each reaction between two monomer molecules give a part structure of the polymer comprising three monomer units Polymers 7. What is the difference between a monomer and a polymer? (b) 8. Clearly define: (a) addition polymers (b) condensation polymers 9 Chloroethene (rinyl chloride) CHa CHCI, is an important industrial organic chemical. In industry it is produced by two different reaction sequences. (a) One reaction sequence involves reaction between ethene (ethylene) and chlorine, followed by strong heating of the reaction product. Write equations to represent these two reactions and classify each reaction as either substitution, addition or elimination. (b) The other reaction uses ethyne (acetylene) as the organic starting material. Write an equation to represent the reaction by which ethyne can be converted to vinyl chloride

Show transcribed image text 11/3 11/4 4 (a) What is an a-amino acid? (b) How do amino acids react to form proteins? Vinyl chloride is industrially important because it is the monomer from which the polymer, poly(vinyl chlonide (PVC) is obtained. Explain what s meant by monomer and polymer and name the process by which a monomer is converted to a polymer Wite an equation to represent the conversion of vinyl chloride to PVC 5 Write a chemical equation for the formation of alanylserine from the constituent amino acids 10. Polypeptides and proteins are important biological examples of condensation polymers. Draw in 2-D, two repeating units of the polypeptide formed only from the amino acid, glycine: NH CH-CO,H 6 Wha t amino acids would be obtained by hydrolysis of the following tripeptide? H2NCHCNHCH CNHCHCOH 11. Nylon is a polyamide-type of polymer often derived from the reaction between two different monomers 1,6-diaminohexane, HN(CHzuNH, and hexane 1,6-dioic acid HOC(CH2)aCO2H. (CHj)2 ?? ????? ?? (a) Identify electrophilic and nucleophilic sites in each of the reactant molecules and then indicate which atoms are likely to react with each other Given that one water molecule is eliminated for each reaction between two monomer molecules give a part structure of the polymer comprising three monomer units Polymers 7. What is the difference between a monomer and a polymer? (b) 8. Clearly define: (a) addition polymers (b) condensation polymers 9 Chloroethene (rinyl chloride) CHa CHCI, is an important industrial organic chemical. In industry it is produced by two different reaction sequences. (a) One reaction sequence involves reaction between ethene (ethylene) and chlorine, followed by strong heating of the reaction product. Write equations to represent these two reactions and classify each reaction as either substitution, addition or elimination. (b) The other reaction uses ethyne (acetylene) as the organic starting material. Write an equation to represent the reaction by which ethyne can be converted to vinyl chloride

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CHY 183 Lecture Notes - Lecture 15: Polymerase Chain Reaction, Microsatellite, Tandem Repeat

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