PHL275H1 Lecture Notes - Lecture 6: Expressivism, Moral Nihilism

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ty74

8 Aug 2022

School

UTSG

Department

Philosophy

Course

PHL275H1

Professor

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Moral judgements can be objectively true & are if ex. The property of rightness is actually had by the act we call right. But holds that moral properties are a distinct kind of property not like natural properties we know through our senses/studied by science. Complete separate ought can"t be derived from an is. Also means we know them (when we do) in a completely diff way ie by. Moral judgements can"t be true/false bc they express emotions/give command. Easier to explain if moral judgements express attitudes than if they concern special truths we should all be able to see as self evident. Ie claim that they don"t fit in scientific/naturalistic world view therefore metaphysically queer . 3) moral judgements can"t be true or false bc they"re intrinsically motivating. To sincerely believe that x is right you must have at least some motivation/desire to do x. Beliefs about what"s true/false never in themselves motivate in that way.

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Newton’s version of Kepler’s third law offers one of the few ways of determining the mass of objects in space. One form of this relationship is expressed in Equation 7.6. To derive it, however, we assumed the orbit of the less massive object is circular and is centered on the more massive object, which is not completely realistic. In reality, both objects move in an orbit in response to the gravitational force between them! A careful derivation shows that for two masses and in orbit around one another with semimajor axis a, the proper expression of Newton’s version of Kepler’s third law is

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The kinetic theory of gases states that the kinetic energy of a gas is directly proportional to the temperature of the gas. A relationship between the microscopic properties of the gas molecules and the macroscopic properties of the gas can be derived using the following assumptions: The gas is composed of pointlike particles separated by comparatively large distances. The gas molecules are in continual random motion with collisions being perfectly elastic. The gas molecules exert no long-range forces on each other. One of the most important microscopic properties of gas molecules is velocity. There are several different ways to describe statistically the average velocity of a molecule in a gas. The most obvious measure is the average velocity Vavg. However, since the molecules in a gas are moving in random directions, the average velocity is approximately zero. Another measure of velocity is (V^2)avg, the average squared velocity. Since the square of velocity is always positive, this measure does not average to zero over the entire gas. A third measure is the root-mean-square (rms) speed,Vrms , equal to the square root of (V^2)avg. The rms speed is a good approximation of the the typical speed of the molecules in a gas. This histogram (Figure 1) shows a theoretical distribution of speeds of molecules in a sample of nitrogen () gas. In this problem, you'll use the histogram to compute properties of the gas.

Part A

What is the average speed

of the molecules in the gas?

Part B

Because the kinetic energy of a single molecule is related to its velocity squared, the best measure of the kinetic energy of the entire gas is obtained by computing the mean squared velocity, $(v^2)_{\rm avg}$ , or its square root. The quantityis more common than $(v^2)_{\rm avg}$ because it has the dimensions of velocity instead of the less-familiar velocity-squared.

What is the rms speedof the molecules in the nitrogen gas?

Express your answer numerically to three significant digits.

Part C

What is the temperatureof the sample of $\rm N_2$ gas described in the histogram?

Express your answer in degrees Celsius to three significant figues.

viridianjackal166

Good Vibes: Introduction to Oscillations

The conditions that lead to simple harmonic motion are as follows:

There must be a position of stable equilibrium.

There must be a restoring force acting on the oscillating object. The direction of this force must always point toward the equilibrium, and its magnitude must be directly proportional to the magnitude of the object's displacement from its equilibrium position. Mathematically, the restoring force F⃗ is given by ⃗, where is the displacement from equilibrium and k is a constant that depends on the properties of the oscillating system.

The resistive forces in the system must be reasonably small.

Consider a block of mass m attached to a spring with force constant k, as shown in the figure(Figure 1) . The spring can be either stretched or compressed. The block slides on a frictionless horizontal surface, as shown. When the spring is relaxed, the block is located at x=0. If the block is pulled to the right a distance A and then released, A will be the amplitude of the resulting oscillations.

Assume that the mechanical energy of the block-spring system remains unchanged in the subsequent motion of the block.

Part A

After the block is released from x=A, it will

(a) remain at rest

(b) move to the left until it reaches equilibrium and stop there.

(d) move to the left until it reaches x=−A and then begin to move to the right.

The time it takes the block to complete one cycle is called the period. Usually, the period is denoted T and is measured in seconds.

The frequency, denoted f, is the number of cycles that are completed per unit of time: f=1/T. In SI units, f is measured in inverse seconds, or hertz (Hz).

Part B

If the period is doubled, the frequency is

(a) unchanged

(b) doubled

Part C

An oscillating object takes 0.10 s to complete one cycle; that is, its period is 0.10 s. What is its frequency f?

Express your answer in hertz.

Part D

If the frequency is 40 Hz, what is the period T?

Express your answer in seconds.

The following questions refer to the figure (Figure 2) that graphically depicts the oscillations of the block on the spring.

Note that the vertical axis represents the x-coordinate of the oscillating object, and the horizontal axis represents time.

Part E

Which points on the x-axis are located at a distance A from the equilibrium position?

(a) R only

(b) Q only

Part F

Suppose that the period is T. Which of the following points on the t-axis are separated by the time interval T?

(a) K and L

(b) K and M

(d) L and N

(e) M and P

Now assume for the remaining Parts G - J, that the x coordinate of point R is 0.12 m and the t coordinate of point K is 0.0050 s.

Part G

What is the period T?

Express your answer in seconds.

Part H

How much time t does the block take to travel from the point of maximum displacement to the opposite point of maximum displacement?

Express your answer in seconds.

Part I

What distance d does the object cover during one period of oscillation?

Express your answer in meters.

Part J

What distance d does the object cover between the moments labeled K and N on the graph?

Express your answer in meters.

emeraldyak680

PHL275H1 Lecture Notes - Lecture 6: Expressivism, Moral Nihilism

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