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1 Apr 2018

Controlling a disease for which humans are the reservoir is considered easier than controlling a
disease for which other animals are the reservoir. What are the factors necessary before a
disease in which humans are the reservoir can be eradicated? How would agent characteristics
such as infectiousness, pathogenicity, and virulence affect the probability of achieving
eradication? Is it possible to eradicate a disease for which humans are not the reservoir? Has it
been achieved at a local/national/international level?

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Deanna HettingerLv2

2 Apr 2018

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For this assignment, Part One of your course project, assume the role of Dr. Madness. Your rogue nation seeks global domination. With a bare bones laboratory and your exhaustive microbiological and epidemiological knowledge, you (Dr. Madness) decide that the best way to rule the world is to create and disseminate the perfect biological weapon.

For this part of the assignment, you will develop your weapon from the ground up. Discuss nearly all of the epidemiological criteria related to it, and justify and discuss why it is used and how effective it is. This agent could be a hybrid of other biological pathogens or an entirely new one. If the agent is newly created, there must be some basis and epidemiological support of a similar agent by which you can base your justification. In other words, it will be unrealistic to create an airborne virus that inoculates and kills within one hour. There must be a realistic exposure and incubation time and must be supported through current agent biology or biochemistry (for example, influenza exposure and incubation takes 1â4 days).

Name of Agent: Explain why you chose the name. If it is a biological agent, be sure to provide a taxonomic name

Etiology: This will talk about the genesis of your agent. Where was it discovered? How was it made? How long has it been around? Why was this agent created? What were the social and economic factors of your rogue nation that made Dr. Madness focus on this element of the agent? What are the environmental precursors to this agent? Discuss the interaction among agent, host, and environment.

Identification: This will describe the basics of the agent. Is it a bacteria, virus, toxin, parasite, hybrid, or something else? Discuss how your agent presents within the human population. What are the symptoms in humans? What are the (zoonotic) symptoms in animals? How does the disease progress? Are there stages? Discuss the various stages including length of infection, severity, and the like. What are the diagnostic indicators? How would a doctor be able to identify this agent in a clinic or emergency room?

Laboratory Analysis: How will the agent be identified? Can it be grown in media? What type of laboratory methods can be used to identify the agent (microscopy, chromatography, PCR, and so on)?

Occurrence: This is the epi: who, what, when, where, how, and why of the disease. Where does it happen? When can it be found? Who is most and least susceptible to the agent (risk factors). More exotic and hard to find agents are harder to prevent and control but are also more difficult to initiate an epidemic or pandemic, whereas more generalized and known agents may be easier to cure, but have a much wider swath of causing pandemics. How do socioeconomic factors foster or inhibit the spread of disease?

Reservoir: What is the natural reservoir of the agent? Are there other organisms where this agent can reside without causing disease? Increasing the reservoir can enhance transmission but can also allow for easier identification and treatment in response to it.

Mode of Transmission: Consider inhalation, absorption, digestion, contact, and so forth. If you use multiple modes, justify your selections.

Incubation Period: Provide the range with an average (median) day of disease onset. Does the period change in different socioeconomic status identifiers (sex, age, race, creed, and so on)? Why or why not?

Period of communicability: How long is a person with this agent contagious? Increasing this period also increases the opportunity for study and thus treatment and control.

Susceptibility: Is the agent susceptible to reinfection of the same person? Allowing for this increases morbidity but usually mortality wanes in subsequent infections.

Taking on the role of Dr. Madness, generate your superweapon and describe the weapon using the above mentioned criteria. Remember, the focus in on creating something that becomes difficult to identify, monitor, or treat with prophylaxis. You will write out the proposal as Dr. Madness submitting this to his lead researcher to develop. This proposal should be approximately 6â8 pages in length, but some submissions may be longer.

Submit your Bioweapons and Epidemiology Part One proposal in the assignment area.

Please be sure to review the Bioweapons and Epidemiology Part One Scoring Guide for information on how this assignment is graded.

Project Requirements

To achieve a successful project experience and outcome, you are expected to meet the following requirements.

Written communication: Written communication is free of errors that detract from the overall message.

APA formatting: Resources and citations should be formatted according to current APA style and formatting.

Resources: Include all literature cited in the project.

Length of paper: 6â8 typed, single-spaced pages, not including cover page and resource list.

Font and font size: Arial, 10 point.

You are a physician who just completed medical school. The United States of America is undergoing a lot of restructuring of the medical field so you are trying to educate yourself on political candidates to make sure you agree with their policies that will affect your job directly. There is a presidential primary approaching and the two candidates from your political party have come to a local hospital to debate their health care policy plans.
The debate quickly turns to HIV/AIDS as a lot of money is dedicated to a disease that affects an estimated 0.4% of the US population1. It is predicted that the federal government will allocate
25.3 billion USD on HIV research, prevention, testing, and treatment in 2016.2
Candidate 1, Thrif T. Fellows, thinks this level of spending is excessive and recommends reducing HIV funding and allocating those monies into other health-related programs. The candidate cites that despite the large amounts of money directed to HIV prevention and treatment there are more people living with HIV/AIDS than ever before. Therefore, the resources committed to HIV prevention and treatment have not made a difference. Additionally, he states that the majority of people who are HIV positive are aware of their status already so there is no need to continue pouring resources into testing.
Candidate 2, Biggs Pender, argues that the HIV/AIDS funding has actually decreased the number of new infections. This has been achieved by increased screening, drug development, and supplementing the medical care of HIV positive individuals who cannot afford their medication without assistance. The HIV/AIDS epidemic is closely associated with poverty. Therefore, cutting funding for HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment will put impoverished populations at even greater risk.
Using the provided documents, decide which candidate has a better grasp of the HIV epidemic in the US. Should the funds dedicated to HIV prevention and treatment should be allocated to other public health issues? Compose a letter to the editor of the local paper to share your analysis.
Instructions:
This is an exercise in using data to solve problems. You are provided with a scenario, prompt, and a series of documents. You must use the documents provided to formulate a decision. You need to clearly state which candidate Mr. Fellows or Mr. Pender has the better HIV funding policy and refer to the data from the documents to justify your choice.
You will be judged on the accuracy and thoroughness of your justification, your clarity in stating your point, and the organization of your arguments. Write in proper English grammar using full sentences.
Attachments:
Document A: excerpt from âTodayâs HIV/AIDS Epidemicâ (CDC)
Document B: HIV or AIDS Diagnoses from 1982 â 2014 (CDC, Annual HIV Surveillance Reports)
Document C: excerpt from âTrends in US HIV Diagnoses 2005-2014â (CDC)
Document D: excerpt from âCommunities in Crisis: Is there a generalized HIV epidemic in impoverished urban areas in the United States?â (NHBS-HET-1)
Center for Disease Control and Prevention
www.aids.gov
Document B: Annual HIV or AIDS diagnoses in the United States of America from 1982 â
2014. Source: CDC Annual HIV Surveillance Reports
Document C: excerpt from âTrends in U.S. HIV Diagnoses, 2005-2014â published by The Center for Disease Control and Prevention, February 2016.

Document D: excerpt from âCommunities in Crisis: Is There a Generalized HIV
Epidemic in Impoverished Urban Areas of the United States?â by Paul Denning,
MD, MPH and Elizabeth DiNenno, PhD
Data from National HIV Behavioral Surveillance System for Heterosexuals âRound
1 (NHBS-HET-1)

tanworm440

Review Questions for Chapter 5: Control of Microbial Growth

1. Consider the following statement: âThorough handwashing with soap and water is the most important step in stopping the spread of many infectious diseasesâ.

a. Explain this statement.

b. Following thorough handwashing with soap, are your hands sterile? Why or why not?

2. If pasteurization does not achieve sterilization, why is pasteurization used to treat food? Why not just heat the food instead?

3. Consider the use of salts and sugars to preserve food.

a. How do salts and sugars preserve foods?

b. Why are these considered physical rather than chemical methods of microbial control?

c. Name one food that is preserved with sugar and one preserved with salt.

d. How do you account for the occasional growth of Penicillium mold in jelly, which is 50% sucrose?

4. Consider dried fruit you can buy at the store (e.g., raisins, pineapples, figs, dates, etc.) Dried fruits date back thousands of years B.C.

a. Why is this such an effective method of preserving food? Suggest several possibilities.

b. Fruit is often dried by being placed outside in the open under the sun in conditions that are not exactly sanitized. Why is this practice generally very safe?

5. There is great concern over healthcare-associated infections.

a. Why are healthcare settings such a âgoodâ place to catch infectious diseases? List several reasons.

b. What are several effective approaches that healthcare settings can take to minimize the spread of infectious disease?

6. Flying on an airplane includes lots of individuals in close quarters for potentially long periods of time.

a. What technology do you think airplanes use to reduce the amount of microbes from the air?

b. Despite this control method, there have been a number of documented cases of individuals infected with tuberculosis infecting other passengers during a flight. Explain how you think this happened. Which patients are at highest risk for infection, and what does this tell you about the effectiveness of microbial control on an airplane?

7. The thermal death time for a suspension of Bacillus subtilis endospores is 20 minutes in dry heat and less than 10 minutes in an autoclave. Which type of heat is more effective? Why?

8. A large hospital washes burn patients in a stainless steel tub. After each patient, the tub is cleaned with a quat. It was noticed that 14 of 20 burn patients acquired Pseudomonas infections

after being bathed. Provide an explanation for this high rate of infection.

9. If youâre on a municipal water supply, the water coming out of your faucet is chlorinated at the water treatment plant.

a. Is the water coming out of your faucet sterile?

b. Does the water still contain chlorine?

c. What are advantages and disadvantages of chlorine compared with other approaches (e.g., UV treatment, treatment with ozone).

10. You are a member of Engineers Without Borders, and your local chapter has been asked by a rural village in Thailand to assist them with improving their water supply, which they suspect of making villagers sick. The village has piping infrastructure that delivers water through a series of pipes to each household. Upon your initial site assessment of the village, you and your team determine that the water has high turbidity (particulate material) as well as a high bacterial count.

a. Design a strategy for treating the water to make it safe to drink that still relies upon the distribution system. Note that you may make some reasonable assumptions about conditions in the village (e.g., availability of electricity if you wish).

b. Identify some possible limitations of your approach.

11. A low technology approach to treating water in rural locations is to fill clear plastic soda bottles with water and leave it out all day in the sun (e.g., up on a roof).

a. What two factors are most likely at work in controlling microbes in these conditions?

b. What impact does each factor have on the microbes? Be specific.