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1.) Explain the differences between killed/inactivated virus vaccines and live attenuated virus vaccines.

2.)List four vaccines that use killed/inactivated viruses and four vaccines that use live attenuated viruses.

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Casey Durgan
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28 Apr 2019

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Related questions

1. Select all of the true statements regarding phageconversion.

-The incorporation of viral genesinto the host cell's DNA is an example of phage conversion.
-The expression of the incorporatedgenes and the resulting alteration of the bacterial phenotype is anexample of phage conversion.
-Cholera toxin genes have a viralorigin.
-The cholera toxin is produced bythe virus.

-The cholera toxin itself is transferred to Vibriocholerae by a virus.

2. Viruses grown in media with radioactive sulfur haveradioactive capsids. Why?

Nucleotides contain sulfur
Cysteine amino acids containsulfur
Capsid peptidoglycans containsulfur

Phospholipids contain sulfur

3. Integrase inhibitors work by:

Agglutinating the reversetranscriptase inhibitors
Preventing the incorporation of theviral DNA into the genome
Blocking the final viralassembly

Degrading the viral envelope

4. Once a prophage is formed, the viral genes are reproducedevery time the bacterium multiplies. The genes that encode thelytic cycle are held in check by a repressor protein. Stressinduces the formation of proteases that degrade the repressor. Howwould this affect the prophage?

Apoptosis would be induced.
The virus enters the lyticcycle.
The bacterial genome isdenatured.

The bacterium rejects the viral genes.

5. Can a virus be killed?

No, viruses are non-living andcannot die.
No, viruses are capable ofself-assembly and cannot be permanently killed.
Yes, separating the genes from thecapsid kills it.

Yes, destroying its genome kills it.

6. Which class of drugs would be effective against HIV but notagainst most other pathogenic viruses?

Translation inhibitors that stopassembly of viral proteins.
Nucleotide analogs that haltreplication.
Non-nucleoside reversetranscriptase inhibitors that block reverse transcription.

Receptor antagonists that block viral entry.

7. An unscrupulous malcontent writes a computer program andembeds it in an e-mail that promises lucrative investmentopportunities. The e-mail is sent to thousands of anonymous users,when they open it the program copies itself into the computer'shard drive. The hard drive begins to fill up with copies of theprogram, once it is completely full the computer crashes. Match thecomponents of this story with the components of a viral lifecycle.

1. e-mail containing virus Virus
2. Innocent user Binding site onhostcell
3. User's hard drive andCPU Host cell'sribosomes
4. Program Uninfected host cell

8. Vaccines work by priming the immune system and inducing theformation of antibodies and memory cells. When the actual virusinfects the host the host's immune system recognizes it andresponds to it. Which feature of viruses helps them thwart thissystem?

The envelops prevents immune systemrecognition.
Autocatalytic proteins replicatewithout genetic material.
The high mutation rate of the viralgenome.
Integration of viral genescamouflages the virus.
Shedding the capsid inactivates theantibodies.

Read the following passage focusing your attention on the scientific procedures and scientific abilities illustrated in it. Think about what types of experiments (observation, testing or application) are described. Identify the hypothesis, predictions, outcomes of experiments and assumptions that appear in the passage. The standard explanation of how humans originally acquired AIDS is that HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) originally was transmitted to humans from monkeys or apes carrying SIV, simian immunodeficiency virus. How could the transmission have occurred? Several similar hypotheses involve an African hunter coming in contact with monkey blood. For example this could have occurred when a hunter butchering a monkey, got some of its blood in a cut, or when a human ate undercooked monkey meat, or when a monkey bit a human. Depending on one's assessment of the genetic diversity of HIV over time, this transmission might have occurred only a few decades ago or, alternatively, hundreds or thousands of years ago. If the latter is correct then AIDS could have been restricted to remote African villages until recent decades when trade and international travel led to the current pandemic. There are however other alternative explanations for the spread of AIDS. One of them is that AIDS arose from contaminated polio vaccines used in Africa from 1957-59. Why is this a plausible explanation? Polio vaccines are cultured on apes’ kidneys, so contamination of a batch of vaccine by an SIV is a possibility. There is a precedent: in the 1950s and early 1960s millions of doses of polio vaccine were contaminated by another simian virus, SV-40. The vaccine alleged to be the origin of AIDS was given to hundreds of thousands of people in central and west Africa from 1957-1959. These locations later had some of the world's highest levels of HIV infection. The timing is also right, since the earliest known cases of AIDS date from the 1960s; the earliest HIV-positive blood sample was collected in Kinshasa in 1959. At the time, there was no way of testing for the presence of SIVs, which were only discovered in the 1980s. Another factor adds plausibility to the theory: the vaccine was given to many infants less than a month old, in an extra high dose. Since the immune systems of infants are not fully developed, this is an excellent way to help a virus jump the species barrier. Some scientists argue that the above explanation is not necessarily correct but that it is worth taking seriously. There are a number of ways to test it. One is to analyze stocks of polio vaccine; if the explanation is correct, then it is probable that some of the vaccines will carry SIV. Another is to scrutinize records of early polio vaccination campaigns in Africa. If it is true that the immunodeficiency virus passed to humans by way of those vaccines, the areas where the campaigns took place would be the same as those where the initial sprouts of the disease occurred and where the larger number of cases occurred during the early stages of the pandemic. Another is to analyze blood samples in Africa from the 1950s and earlier (pre polio vaccination): if the immunodeficiency virus was transmitted via the polio vaccine, HIV should not be found. Adapted from “Political refutation of a scientific theory: the case of polio vaccines and the origin of AIDS”. Brian Martin, published in Health Care Analysis, Vol. 6, 1998, pp. 175-179. Now reread the passage and answer the following questions.

5. For each experiment, write an outcome that would disprove the hypothesis of AIDS passing from monkeys to humans through polio vaccines.

6. What outcomes of the experiments would fail to disprove the hypothesis of AIDS passing from monkeys to humans through polio vaccines?explain.

7.What outcomes would prove the hypothesis? Hint: This is not the same as question 6. Think about what would you need to do to 100% prove a hypothesis.

8. For what reasons do scientists need to conduct testing experiments?

42. Which of the following bacteria that may cause meningitis is Gram-positive and therefore does not cause endotoxin shock in infected individuals?

Escherichia coli

Neisseria meningitidis

Listeria monocytogenes

Haemophilus influenzae type B

None of these

43. Viral meningitis is usually always fatal if untreated, unlike bacterial meningitis, which is always self-limiting and nonfatal. True or false?

44. Which of the following is acid-fast and causes Hansen's disease?

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Clostridium tetani

Neisseria meningitidis

Haemophilus influenzae

Mycobacterium leprae

45. An immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT) has replaced the older test for the presence of inclusions in neurons (Negri bodies) for the detection of infections caused by:

Neisseria meningitidis

Enteroviruses

Mumps virus

Rabies virus

Haemophilus influenza

46. The viruses that cause encephalitis are most likely to be:

Togaviruses

Enteroviruses

Mumps virus

Rabies virus

Hepatitis viruses

47. The only bacterium known to damage peripheral nerves is:

Naegleria fowleri

Mycobacterium leprae

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Neisseria meningitidis

Haemophilus influenzae

48. The endospores of this organism are the most heat-resistant known; it is:

Clostridium tetani

Clostridium botulinum

Mycobacterium leprae

Streptococcus thermicos

Listeria monocytogenes

49. All of the following are true about poliomyelitis EXCEPT:

Most poliovirus infections are inapparent or mild and nonparalytic.

Polio can be caused by three strains of picornaviruses.

The Salk vaccine contains live, attenuated polioviruses while the Sabin vaccine contains formalin-inactivated polioviruses.

Transmission is by the fecal-oral route and pharyngeal secretions.

Poliomyelitis has afflicted man for thousands of years.

50. Which of the following stains is used frequently to identify Mycobacterium and other bacteria whose cell walls contain high amounts of lipids?

Gram stain

Schaeffer-Fulton stain

Acid-fast stain

Lipidialar stain

Spore stain

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