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Before regulations prohibited it, hazardous chemicals weredumped in water, pumped into the ground, or left in decomposingdrums on land. Many old industrial sites have contaminated oil.Explain how the study of bacterial processes provides insight intothe development of new technologies toclean up these sites

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Hubert Koch
Hubert KochLv2
28 Sep 2019

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Related questions

You use water
then send it down the drain to the reclamation plant, which treats then discharges the water to a local river.

Downstream a potable water treatment plant provides additional treatment, sends it to someone’s home for use,
down another drain...

As you move into the workforce, your new paycheck will have tax deductions that help pay for these public health needs. At the same time, you might be one of the rising leaders in the water industry. How clean do you want your tap water and your local ecological environment? At what cost?

The Question is What agency established these standards or treatment goals?

Use these resources

National Drinking Water Standards

MUST VIEW

https://www.epa.gov/ground-water-and-drinking-water/table-regulated-drinking-water-contaminants

The tables list many constituents. Pay attention to the groupings provided by EPA, yet consider other groupings such as

 limit levels;

 type of material;

 or by type of problem caused

Additional resource: the bottom of the webpage provides a section titled “Unregulated Contaminants”. This is an introduction to the process of considering whether a compound should be added to the drinking water regulations. Find one or more current articles on the issues associated with one compound on the Unregulated Contaminants list.

can you please give me a response for this Article(type the anwer)

When a soil dries out, this has a negative impact on the activity of soil bacteria. Using an innovative combination of state-of-the-art analysis and imaging techniques, researchers at UFZ have now discovered that fungi increase the activity of bacteria in dry and nutrient-poor habitats by supplying them with water and nutrients. The ability of fungi to regulate drought stress in soil and thus sustain ecosystem functions is an important insight in the context of climate change.

Many fungi spread through the soil with a fine network of thin filaments known as hyphae. In their search for water and nutrients the hyphae grow in different directions, constantly enlarging the network. Once found, water and nutrients are absorbed and transported through the hyphae, allowing them to be supplied to parts of the fungal network in dry or nutrient-poor areas of the soil. But it isn't only the fungus itself which benefits from the transport of material through the hyphal pipelines: bacteria, too, are kept supplied with the water and nutrients they need to thrive. This has now been demonstrated by a team of UFZ researchers in a study recently published in the journal Nature Communications. "We've suspected for a long time that fungi play an important role in the soil moisture budget," says UFZ environmental biotechnologist Prof. Matthias Kästner. "Now, using secondary ion mass spectrometry techniques (NanoSIMS and ToF-SIMS) from the ProVIS research platform at UFZ, we've finally obtained experimental evidence."

As part of their investigations, the researchers closely examined the transport of water, substrates and nutrients through the microscopically small hyphae of fungi. They grew the fungi on a culture medium of water, glucose and nitrogen-containing nutrients. The fungal hyphae had to pass through a dry, nutrient-free zone in order to grow through into a new area containing the culture medium. The inhospitable transition zone contained spores of the common soil bacterium Bacillus subtilis. Spores are inactive stages of Bacillus that form when there is insufficient water, food and nutrients available for bacterial growth. The bacteria go into a kind of dormant stage, from which they only awake once the environmental conditions are more favourable for living again.

In the experiment, these conditions were indeed improved by the growth of the fungi: "As the fungal hyphae grew through the dry zone, the bacterial spores germinated and we noticed clear microbial activity," says UFZ environmental microbiologist Dr. Lukas Y. Wick. "The fungi obviously improved the environmental conditions for the bacteria and woke them from their slumber, like Sleeping Beauty." But what exactly happens at a chemical level when fungal hyphae grow in direct proximity to bacterial spores? To answer this question, the researchers 'labelled' the water, glucose and nitrogen-containing nutrients in the culture medium in advance with stable isotopes. If these substances were transferred from the fungus to the bacteria, they could be detected using the isotopic marker and the NanoSIMS method, with nano-scale spatial resolution. "The NanoSIMS method reveals the distribution of elements and isotops and therefore allows us to observe metabolic processes," Kästner explains. "As it turns out, we did find the stable isotopes of the labelled water, glucose and nitrogen-containing nutrients in the cell mass of the bacteria -- which could only have come from the fungi."

This study has given the UFZ researchers another important insight into fungi and their important function in soils. Fungi serve as pumping stations and pipelines for water, substrates and nutrients and can colonise inhospitable locations, making them habitable for bacteria -- and thus stimulate microbial activity in the soil. In previous work the researchers have already shown that fungal hyphae act as a kind of fungal highway for bacteria, allowing them to move around, and provide a hotspot for bacterial gene transfer. Wick continues: "The results of this latest study demonstrate once again that, through their interaction with bacteria, fungi play a significant, previously underestimated role in the soil ecosystem."

If a soil is contaminated with pollutants, for example, bacteria can break them down. But if the soil is too dry, the degradation processes will come to a standstill. "If the drought period lasts for a limited time, fungi have a stabilising effect and can keep soil processes going. This could be important specifically with regard to the impacts of climate change, if the ratio of dry to moist areas of soil dramatically increases," says Kästner. In future investigations, the researchers therefore intend to look even more closely at soil as a true ecosystem. "We want to carry out soil experiments under different environmental conditions and find out what influence fungal growth has on the breakdown of pollutants," says Wick. He adds: "It's important to have a better understanding of the role of fungi in the soil ecosystem. Only when we know how soil works can we respond to changes, for example those caused by climate change, with informed decisions."

Hello, I am respectfully requesting help responding to the below discussion. I need to respond by applying the following:

Participate individually with meaningful and original comments in the dialogue of the posted discussion questions.

Ensure your posted content is written in your own words. Repetitive (redundant) answers, copied articles or portions of articles from Web sites, books, magazines and so on will not count towards participation

Cite properly and consistently and include all sources used for your responses

I choose pollution. Pollution comes in many forms whether its air pollution, water pollution, and land/soil pollution. Air pollution is caused by gases and toxins that come from factories. Water pollution is caused by oil spills or trash that people throw into the water, and soil pollution is caused by industrial waste that affects soil from getting its essential nutrients. All kinds of pollution can be harmful to plants, animals, and humans. Air pollution is the main pollutant in everyday life. Things such as cars, planes, power plants, and other human activities produce air pollution. "Pollution disturbs our ecosystem and the balance in the environment. "Water pollution not only harms the aquatic beings but it also contaminates the entire food chain by severely affecting humans dependent on these. Water-borne diseases like cholera, diarrhoea have also increased in all places." A solution for the pollution would be having a big fine for people that pollute, fix the cars, planes, and power plants to where they don't give off carbon dioxide, and find a way to prevent oil spills into the ocean. Some other solutions for each would be:

Air Pollution:

"Seek advice from environmental professionals when locating exhaust outlet"

"Use smokeless fuel, such as gas and electricity"

"No outdoor cooking, e.g. hotpot & BBQ"

Water Pollution:

"Remove the accumulated bottom sludge regularly"

"Engage registered grease trap waste collector for regular cleaning and overhauling of grease trap"

"Keep an updated drainage plan in management office"

"Check the drainage plan before carrying out of drainage works to ensure correct drainage route

Pollution: Causes and Effects. (2016, December 24). Retrieved December 05, 2017, from https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/pollutiontypes.php

15 Current Environmental Problems That Our World is Facing. (2016, December 24). Retrieved December 05, 2017, from https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/15-current-environmental-problems.php

Pollution Problems & Practical Solutions. (n.d.). Retrieved December 05, 2017, from http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/english/greenproperty/poll_pro/poll_pro_rec.html

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