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2. What is the minute ventilation when inhaled air contains 5%carbon dioxide? 3. State whether increasing the amount of carbondioxide in inhaled air increased, decreased, or did not changearterial pCO2 from normal. 4. What is the arterial pCO2 wheninhaled air contains 5% carbon dioxide? 5. State whether increasingthe amount of carbon dioxide in inhaled air increased, decreased,or did not change arterial pO2 from normal. 6. What is the arterialpO2 when inhaled air contains 5% carbon dioxide? 7. State whetherincreasing the amount of carbon dioxide in inhaled air increased,decreased, or did not change plasma pH from normal. 8. What is thearterial blood pH when inhaled air contains 5% carbon dioxide?

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Lelia Lubowitz
Lelia LubowitzLv2
28 Sep 2019

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Can anyone help me with the following questions, it is due tonight and im having a hard time figuring most of these out and in-between a couple of answers. Thanks!

1. Which of the following is the PRIMARY goal of risk assessment?

A. maximize profit

B. balance risks and benefits

C. reduce liability

D. determine lethal doses

2. The probability of an adverse outcome based on the exposure and potency of a hazardous agent is known as the:

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3. Risk Assessment includes all the following, except:

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B. structure-activity relationships

C. animal bioassays

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A. surface area is proportional to body weight

B. chemicals that cause tumors in animals will cause tumors in humans

C. all dosing regimens are equivalent

D. all animal strains are relevant

7. The Point of Departure (POD) for a low-dose extrapolation could be which of the following:

A. NOAEL

B. LOAEL

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8. The benchmark dose (BMD) approach is preferred over the NOAEL/LOAEL approach for all the following reasons, except:

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B. moderate concern

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B. lead

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D. dioxin

E. formaldehyde

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14. An example of an area source of air emissions would be:

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Case History- An 11-month old Boy who's blue and short of breath

Chief Complaint: An 11-month old boy brought to the pediatric clinic with difficulty breathing.

History: Austin Green, an 11-month old Caucasian boy was brought by his foster parents to the Pediatric clinic with comnplaint of dyspnea (i.e difficulty breathing) and fatigue. These episodes last for several minutes, occur daily, and happen most copmmonly during exertion (i.e exercise). Austin spent the first 9 months of his life with hisbiological parents, but recent social problems have necessitated that he receive foster care.His foster parents have had him for the past month, and they have note that these "breathing spells" have become more frequent and severe over period of time. They also note that Austinb's shortness of breath diminishes somewhat if he lies down. Interestingly, he frequently assumes a squatting position during these episodes, and this seems to reduce hsi symptoms as well. His foster parents report that Austin has had no nausea, vomiting, change in appetie, or change in bowel or bladder habits. He is currently on no medications and no known allergies. There is no medical information available about any othefr member of Austin's biological family.

Lab. test results:

Hematocrit 43% normal (37-47%)

Hemoglobin 14mg/dl (normal 12-16ml/dl)

PH =7.21 (normal range=7.35 to 7.45)

[HCO^-3]=18meq/L (normal range=22 to 26 me=Eq/L)

1. The cardiologist ordered X-ray that showed decreased blood flow to the lungs. A follow-up echocardiogram revealed the following abnormalities in Austin's heart. (A) a narrowing of pulmonic valve, (B) a thickening of right ventriclewall, (C) a ventricular septal hole allowing direct exchange of blood between the right and the left ventricles, (D) an aorta that was shifted in position so that it was over-riding the right venbtricl, allowing it to recieve blood from both the left and the right ventricle.

What is the name of Austin's condition?

2. What is specifically causing the heart murmur?

3. Why did the chest X-ray show freduced pulmonary blood flow?

4. Austin has a thickening right ventriclewall. what type of hypertropy is this?

Why does Austin have this particular type of ventricular hypertrophy? BE SPECIFIC

5. Why di Austin's EGG show a right-shufted ventricular depolarization axis?

6. Which way will blood typically flow through Austin's ventricular septal defect(i.e from the left ventricle to the right ventricle, or vice versa? explain your answer in detail

7. Why is Austin cyanotic? BE SPECIFIC

8. Why does supplemental oxygen therapy did not correct Austin's cyanosis? BE SPECIFIC

9. How might the squatting position help relieve Auatin's dyspnea?

10. Why is Austin's...

(a) arterial pCO2 higher than normal?

(b). arterial [HCO^-3] lower than normal?

(c). arterial PH lower than normal?

11. Describe treatments for Austin's condition?

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