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1.present your answer in a neat table(0 points if not tabular; 2 points maximum credit).

a.Topic for table: Present 3advantages and 3 disadvantages in a comparison of and innateimmunity vs adaptive immunity.

In addition, your answer mustinclude a succinct statement explaining the role that your selectedtopics (physical barriers and innate immunity vs adaptive immunity;cell mediated vs humoral immunity) have in immunity.

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Nelly Stracke
Nelly StrackeLv2
28 Sep 2019
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Related questions

Determining Dilution Scheme




Viable cell counts are often performed on exponentially growing cells in order to relate the absorbance reading (AU) with actual cell number. For this purpose, a sample of the culture is removed during exponential phase after the absorbance reading is recorded. Spread plates are prepared in order to perform a viable cell count. The goal is to have a spread plate containing between 30 and 300 cells (colonies) when plating a volume of 0.1 ml (100 ?l). To determine the correct dilution, you will need to estimate the number of cells/ml present from the AU (absorbance units) value of your sample. For this calculation, we will assume that 1 AU is equivalent to 107 cells /ml. So:


AU of sample x [(107 cells/ml)/1 AU] x 0.1 ml plated = total # of cells expected





You want to calculate two different dilutions that will give you between 30 and 300 colonies (cells). In order to determine the maximum dilution factor, divide the total # of expected cells by 30. In order to determine the minimum dilution factor, divide the total # of expected cells by 300. For example if the AU was 0.3, the total number of expected cells would be 3.0 x 105. In this case the maximum dilution factor would be 104 (3.0 x 105/30) or a dilution of 10-4 and should produce approximately 30 colonies. The minimum dilution factor would be 103 (3.0 x 105/300) or a dilution of 10-3, which should produce ~300 colonies. Since performing a single dilution of 10-4 or 10-3 would be highly inaccurate, serial dilutions are performed. Typically, the spread plates are prepared in duplicate for greater accuracy.



(NOTE: Do not put units in your answers, if you do the computer will grade the answer as wrong and you will lose the points. Answers should be written in numerical form or if you want to write as scientific notation you can write as 1.22E8 or 1.22E-8. The system will only take up to 15 significant figures.) (Another NOTE: Your answer must be within 5% of the correct value to get credit for this problem.)



You have removed a volume of a culture of E. coli during exponential growth in order to measure the viable cell count. If the absorbance reading was 0.8, estimate the maximum dilution factor you would need in order to obtain between 30 and 300 colonies on a plate spread with 0.1 ml of the dilution. Assume that there are 107 cells/ml in one absorbance unit. Answer:



You have removed a volume of a culture of E. coli during exponential growth in order to measure the viable cell count. If the absorbance reading was 0.8, estimate the minimum dilution factor you would need in order to obtain between 30 and 300 colonies on a plate spread with 0.1 ml of the dilution. Assume that there are 107 cells/ml in one absorbance unit. Answer:

CELL RESPIRATION LAB

Section:

Type in your answers in complete sentences, be precise and specific to earn full credit, reformat if necessary

Purpose: The purpose of this lab activity is to analyze the effect of exercise on cellular respiration

Experiment 1 Enzymes in Food

Why is cellular respiration necessary for living organisms?

Why is fermentation less effective then respiration?

List the two co-enzymes involved in cellular respiration and describe their role.

How many ATP molecules are produced in

Glycolysis

Citric Acid Cycle

Electron Transport

Fermentation

Table 1. Fermentation by Yeast

Tube

Initial Gas (mm)

Final Gas (mm)

Net Change

1% Glucose Solution

1% Sucrose Solution

1% Equal Solution

1% Splenda Solution

1% Sugar Solution

Include your hypothesis for this experiment. Be specific…in other words we sure to include at least one end point you will measure to support your predictions. Natural sugar causes fermentation by producing CO2

Did you notice a difference in the rate of respiration between the sugars? Did any of the artificial sugars provide a good starting material for fermentation? Yes no artificial sugar did not provide a good starting material for fermentation as there was no change in height of gas.

Which tubes displayed evidence of anaerobic fermentation? How did you know? Due to change in gas height we can determine fermentation was occurring during to production of CO2

Hypothesize why some of the solutions were not metabolized. Research their chemical formulas.

How do the results of this experiment related to the role yeast play in baking?

Experiment 2Aerobic Respiration in Beans

How did the color of the bromothymol blue solution in each beaker change over time in each condition?

What is the mechanism driving the bromothymol blue solution color change?

What can be inferred from the color change of the bromothymol blue solution?

What evidence do you have that cellular respiration occurred in the beans? Explain your answer.

What are the controls in this experiment, and what variables do they eliminate?

If this experiment were conducted at 0 °C, what difference would you see in the rate of respiration? Why?

Table 2: Bromothymol Blue Color Change Over Time for Pinto Bean Trial

Time

Pre-Soaked Pinto Beans

Dry Pinto Beans

No Pinto Beans

0 min

30 min

60 min

90 min

120 min

150 min

180 min

24 hours

Table 3: Bromothymol Blue Color Change Over Time for Kidney Bean Trial

Time

Pre-Soaked Kidney Beans

Dry Kidney Beans

No Kidney Beans

0 min

30 min

60 min

90 min

120 min

150 min

180 min

24 hours

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