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During dialysis process, blood of the patientis moved to a dialysis machine. The machine contain dialysis fluidand a dialysis membrane. Patient's blood in the machine anddialysis fluid are separated from each other by the dialysismembrane. As the blood move by the membrane, waste material passacross the membrane and enter the dialysis fluid. Now, pleaseexplain that what type of fluid the dialysis fluid is that help toremove the waste from the blood.

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Sixta Kovacek
Sixta KovacekLv2
28 Sep 2019
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Related questions


Part 1 - Cells
Specimen Number Organism Eukaryote or Prokaryote Where Organism isFound How Organism Obtains Nutrients
Spirogyra
Diatom
Paramecium
Lactobacillus
Euglena
Trypanosoma
Volvox
Radiolaria
Amoeba
Plant cells with nucleus (chloroplasts absent)

List two similarities between plant cells and animal cells

1.

2.

List two differences between plant and animal cells

1.

2.


Part 2 – Diffusion and Osmosis

Diffusion

Boiling water…



Cold water….



Osmosis

Label your 4 plastic cups A, B, C & D
Cut 4 small pieces of paper and using a pencil label them A, B, C& D. These labels will go inside your dialysis tubing.
Prepare your dialysis tubing as follows:
• Soak your dialysis tubing in distilled water until it isflexible
• Take a piece of dialysis tubing and tie a tight knot in oneend
• Open the other end of the tubing by rolling it between your thumband finger
• Fill bag A with 10mL of 1% sucrose solution. Insert label A andsqueeze out any air bubbles then tie a tight knot in the end of thetubing to seal it
• Check for leaks, blot dry and set aside
• Fill bag B with 10mL of 1% sucrose solution and completeprocedure as before
• Fill bag C with 10mL 25% sucrose solution and complete procedureas before
• Fill bag D with 10mL 50% sucrose solution and complete procedureas before
Make a visual assessment of each bag at time zero, i.e. beforeplacing it into the solution in the cup, and take notes.
Prepare the experimental setup as follows
• Fill cup A with 50% sucrose solution
• Fill cups B, C & D with 1% sucrose solution
• Add bag A to cup A; bag B to cup B and so on
Leave your experiment undisturbed for 60 minutes. Now carefullyremove each bag from the cup with its respective solution and blotdry. Measure the volume of liquid inside each bag using yourgraduated cylinder and record your data in the table below. Be sureto blot dry your graduated cylinder between measurements.
[2 pts]

Beginning volume (milliliters) End Volume (milliliters) Difference(milliliters)
Bag A 10
Bag B 10
Bag C 10
Bag D 10



1. Did water move into or out of all of the bags?




2. Which bags demonstrated osmosis? Draw a diagram to show watermovement in each of the bags.








3. Which bags showed the most rapid movement of water across themembrane? Explain your answer









4. Apply the information you have learned and briefly discuss whyit is important for animal cells and plant cells to have theability to balance water intake with water loss.



Part 3 – Cell Membranes

For all 6 treatments
Arrange your tubes in ascending intensity of red color. Determine ascale for yourself on a scale of 0 (no color) to 10 (darkest redcolor) and quantify the colors observed in your tubes. Record yourresults in the space below.

Tube Number Treatment Color Intensity (scale 0-10)
1 70oC
2 55oC
3 40oC
4 20oC
5 4oC (refrigerator)
6 -5oC (freezer)



1. Which treatment caused most membrane damage as reflected bycolor intensity?




2. Which treatment caused least membrane damage as reflected bycolor intensity? [2 pts]




3. In what way does extreme heat damage the membrane allowing thecontents to leak out of cells?







4. How does extreme cold damage the membrane allowing the contentsto leak out of cells?















5. Apply this knowledge to a situation that may arise in your dailylife or in nature and briefly explain your reasoning in the spacebelow.

1. Martha’s first patienton the pediatric floor is a 12-year old boy named Sam who isundergoing kidney dialysis treatment. Sam has been on dialysis forthe last week, and the treatments will probably be discontinuedbecause his kidneys are becoming fully functional again. Marthaquestions Sam’s mother concerning his illness. Three weeks ago,Sam had a sore throat, which kept him home from school for two daysbut was not medically treated. One week ago, Sam told his motherhis urine looked red-brown and foamy. He was admitted to thehospital. Physical exam revealed costovertebral tenderness andblood pressure of 135/90. The urinalysis and other studies revealedthe following:

Color: red-brown tinged
Specific gravity: 1.030
RBC’s: numerous RBC’s per high poweredfield
Protein: > 1g/24 hr
Casts: epithelial cells and RBC’s
BUN: 90 mg/dl
Creatinine: 4mg/dl
Creatine Clearance Test: 50 ml/min


a. What is yourdiagnosis?
i. Glomerulonephritis
ii. Cystitis
iii. Urinary obstruction
iv. Pyelitis

b. The etiology would bea(n):
i. Virus
ii. Bacteria
iii. Genetic or developmental anomaly
iv. Anatomic malfunction after birth


2. Fred suffers from chronic emphysema.His arterial blood gas results are as follows: pH 7.30; bicarbonate32 mEq/l; PCO2 50 mm Hg. Which of the following best describeFred’s condition?
a. Metabolic acidosis with respiratorycompensation
b. Respiratory acidosis with metaboliccompensation
c. Metabolic alkalosis with respiratorycompensation
d. Respiratory alkalosis with metaboliccompensation

3. Hypocalcaemia may develop in a patientwith which of the following conditions?
a. Chronic renal failure
b. Hyperparathyroidism
c. Thiazide therapy
d. Vitamin D overdose

4. Which of the following conditions wouldcause prerenal failure?
a. Nephrotoxicity
b. Glomerulonephritis
c. Acute tubular necrosis
d. Hypovolemia

5. Abnormal serum laboratory findingscommon to patients with acute renal failureare:
a. Increased potassium and BUN; decreasedcreatinine
b. Increased potassium and creatinine; decreasedBUN
c. Decreased potassium; increased BUN andcreatinine
d. Increased potassium, BUN andcreatinine

6. In the diuretic phase of acute tubularnecrosis (ATN), the clinician must be alert for which ofthe following complications?
a. Fluid overload
b. Hypokalemia
c. Hypertension
d. Hypernatremia

7. The primary acid-base disorderassociated with renal failure is:
a. Respiratory acidosis
b. Metabolic acidosis
c. Respiratory alkalosis
d. Metabolic alkalosis

8. Patients with acute renal failure mayhave all of the following complicationsEXCEPT:
a. Peaked T wave EKG and pericarditis
b. Sinus tachycardia and ST elevation
c. Heart failure and Friction rub
d. Mitral insufficiency and Mobitz type II heartblock

9. A patient’s glomerular filtrationrate can be measure by evaluating:
a. Serum creatinine
b. Blood urea nitrogen
c. Serum osmolarity
d. Creatinine clearance

10. A patient taking medication that actsto block or inhibit the action of aldosteronewould:
a. Have high blood potassium levels
b. Have high blood sodium levels
c. Have high levels of circulatingaldosterone
d. A, B, and C
e. A and C only

11. A patient exhibits the following signsand symptoms: Elevated blood pressure, elevated blood glucose,muscle weakness, poor wound healing, red cheeks, thin arms and legswith fat deposits in the trunk, neck and face. The patient findingsare consistent with:
a. Addison’s Disease
b. Myxedema
c. Cushing’s disease or long-term high dosesteroid use
d. Grave’s disease
e. Pheochoromocytoma

12. The MOST dramatic functional changethat occurs in the endocrine system due to agingis
a. A decrease in blood and tissue concentrationsof ADH and TSH
b. And overall decrease in circulating levels ofmost hormones.
c. A decline in the concentration of reproductivehormones
d. And increase in the secretion ofglucocortioids

I have this questions for my homework i need help with them look please it is important i need help so please give me the correct answers for each question and also please be clear to understand and aslo be correct it is very important becuase i need them so i really need the right answers. please help me and on Questions 6 and 9 please help me with it hope you can help me with the correct answers please

Question 5

At a constant temperature, if you increase the number of unsaturated fatty acid chains in the phospholipid, the membrane will become......

less fluid
more fluid
fluidity will be unchanged

Question 6

Bacteria in a hot spring at 80 degrees celsius would be expected to have ______________ in their cell membrane

high proportions of saturated phospholipids
high proportions of unsaturated phospholipids
an equal ratio of saturated to unsaturated phospholipid

Question 7

Membrane proteins have an important role in membrane fluidity

True
False

Question 8

The HIV virus can't attach to cells that have a mutation in the CCR5 gene and so such individuals are resistant to HIV. What population of people have a higher incidence of the mutant CCR5 gene and why?

europeans because their ancestors survived the bubonic plague
North Americans because their ancestors survived small pox
europeans because they have a longer evolutionary past with HIV
Africans because they have a longer evolutionary past with HIV

Question 9

Nematode trapping fungi have ______________ molecules called ______________ that recognize specific carbohydrates on the surface of the nematode worms. This is how a fungus can recognize that its prey, the nematode worm, has wriggled into the loop. Write two words on lowercase separated by a space with no other syntax

Question 10

Diffusion requires energy

True
False

Question 11

The net direction of molecule movement when molecules diffuse is

down their concentration gradient
random directions

Question 12

In osmosis, water molecules from a solution of higher solute concentration cross a semi-permeable membrane into a solution of lower solute concentration?

True
False

Question 13

Which best defines osmosis?

In osmosis, water from a solution of lower solute concentration move across a semi-permeable membrane into a solution of higher solute concentration?
In osmosis, water from a solution of higher solute concentration move across a semi-permeable membrane into a solution of lower solute concentration?

Question 14

Animal cells placed into a hypotonic solution would most likely?

lyse (burst)
shrink
remain unchanged in size

Question 15

Glucose and amino acids move into cells via carrier proteins, the same protein can move glucose or amino acids

True
False

Question 16

ATP powered pumps move substances into and out of cells by diffusion?

True
False

Question 17

For every 3 Na ions moved out, 2 K ions are moved into a cell by one cycle of the sodium-potassium pump.

True
False

Question 18

Bulk transport of fluid and any of the substances within that fluid is called

pinocytosis
phagocytosis
receptor-mediated endocytosis
exocytosis

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