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1. Explain the mechanical process of contraction.

2. Explain the roles of antagonist, agonist and synergist muscles and their contraction.

3. Compare and contrast fibre types.

4. The differences between bone and cartilage

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Elin Hessel
Elin HesselLv2
28 Sep 2019
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Related questions

receptor

Agonist

antagonist

a1

Norephinephrine

Phenylephrine

a2

Phenoxybenzamine

Prazosin

B1

Clonidine

Yohimbine

Norephinephrine

Propranolol

Epinephrine

Metoprolol

Isoproterenol

Dobutamine

B2

Epinephrine

Proranolol

Norepinephrine

Butoxamine

Isoproterenol

Albuterol

Nicotinic

Ach

Curare

Nicotine

Hexamethonium

Muscarinic

Ach

Atropine

Assume all the chemicals in the table are available to you.

You are given a piece of smooth muscle tissue, you stimulate it with Norepinephrine and find the muscle responds with contractions. Your hypothesis is that the muscle contraction is caused by the activation of α1 adrenergic receptors. Now you need to design an experiment protocol to test your hypothesis.

Background knowledge: The figure below is an experiment setup, the red tissue in the organ bath is the smooth muscle tissues. In this kind of experiment smooth muscle tissue is minimally stretched vertically by two hooks or clips in the organ bath filled with physiological saline solution (PSS). Agonist is added to the PSS to challenge the muscle tissue, muscle contraction is sensed by a force transducer at the top and force is recorded by a computer. Adding antagonist before adding agonist blocks agonist action. PSS may or may not be changed, it depends on your purposes, e.g. if you want to block a type receptors, then you do not want change PSS after you add antagonist to the PSS. Your correct step is that you add antagonist to PSS, wait some time, and add agonist, you keep both antagonist and agonist in the PSS so that you can judge if the receptor blockage by antagonist abolish the agonist action.

The key to this assignment is that you eliminate possible cross-activities of agonists. Cross-activity means an agonist activate more than one types of receptors, you need block each type of the receptor in order to see what type of the receptor is activate to cause contraction. This muscle tissue can have both α and β receptor types and their subtypes, you need to demonstrate convincingly that you only stimulate α1 receptors.

Write an experimental protocol to demonstrate your work, for each step in the protocol you write the chemical(s) you add, why you add, what result you are expecting to see e.g. contract, relax, no response. If the step is to wash the tissue with fresh PSS, then you do not need to indicate the responses.

Here is an example of the answer.

step

chemical added

response

1.

epinephrine, activate alpha and beta receptors,

blood vessel ring contract slightly.

2.

wash with PSS

3.

alpha receptor antagonist and norepinerphine, block NE activating alpha receptor.

blood vessel ring should not contract.

4.

wash with PSS

5.

…

…

6.

…

…

Discuss your protocol to show the relation between activation of α1 receptors and the vascular smooth muscle contraction.Design the experiemnt and its conclusion/ results.

Build a dichotomous key to all the tissues you have seen in the lab. For this, you can use any of their morphological characteristics (under the microscope) but not their physiological functions.

Tissues seen in this lab:

1) Epithelia: simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, pseudostratified columnar, stratified squamous, stratified cuboidal and columnar, transitional, and specialized epithelia (goblet cells).

2) Connective Tissue: Adipose, Areolar, Cartilage, hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage, bone and blood.

3) Muscle: Smooth muscles, Cardiac muscles, skeletal muscle

4) Nervous tissues: Neurons, central nervous system (CNS), satellite cells, schwann cells, ependymal cell

1.Compare and contrast the mechanism ofexcitation-contraction-coupling in skeletal muscle with that ofsmooth muslces (give at least 4 similarties and 4 differences

2.Trace the sequence of events from the moment ACH binds to itsreceptors in the sarcolemma and ending when the cros bridges havecompleted ONE power stroke

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