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A primary challenge in environmental epidemiology involves linking hazards to adverse health outcomes, as the presence of the hazard alone does not mean harmful health effects will occur.

Identify and discuss the challenges of exposure assessment as they relate to environmental epidemiology.

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Nelly Stracke
Nelly StrackeLv2
28 Sep 2019
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Related questions

Here is the question: Proving an environmental hazard exists is difficult. The Civil Action movie demonstrated how difficult it is to make a case for a hazard in court. How different is making the case in legal court versus making the case in the court of public opinion?

This is the answer to the question: (Do not use this same example.Completely rewrite it where it is not the same):

Making a case in legal court versus a case in court of public opinion is very different, the law at times can be black and white when in reality the exposure of toxic material is not. Toxic chemical risk is complex as the exposure can have human health and environmental risk with strategies needed in place to manage it.1 Toxic exposure needs an evaluation of environmental hazards to control exposures to surrounding environment. 1A thorough comprehension of the exposure routes and pathways to the specific toxic chemical and the possibilities of disease outcomes if toxic exposure does occur in needed.1 After review of the movie “A Civil Action” the main character and colleagues had been financially and emotionally involved, the media played a big role placing opinion without understanding all facts.2 In a court room it wasn’t enough to review evidence but the judge was a big influence, the way the questions were written out for the jury to answer and understand was unfair as the jury were not experts on the subject and solely made a decision without having any of the victim’s family testify.2 In the court of public opinion the media has a big influence; however it doesn’t matter the amount of influence the media may have as the judge in legal court has the last say toward the evidence presented and how the case should be handled.

References

Frumkin H. Environmental health from global to local. 3rd edition. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons; 2016.

Zaillian S. A civil action. Boston, Massachusetts: Touchstone Pictures; 1998.

Welding fumes are a common occupational exposure. Several different welding fumes can cause similar adverse health effects. Personal sampling of a welding operation at a manufacturing facility produced the following 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA) results for individual metal fumes. Metal Fume Result OSHA PEL ACGIH TLV Antimony 0.05 mg/m³ 0.5 mg/m³ 0.5 mg/m³ Beryllium 0.00001 mg/m³ 0.002 mg/m³ 0.00005 mg/m³ (I) Cadmium 0.025 mg/m³ 0.1 mg/m³ 0.01 mg/m³ Chromium 0.02 mg/m³ 1 mg/m³ 0.5 mg/m³ Copper 0.03 mg/m³ 0.1 mg/m³ 0.2 mg/m³ Iron Oxide 0.5 mg/m³ 10 mg/m³ 5 mg/m³ (R) Magnesium Oxide 0.02 mg/m³ 15 mg/m³ 10 mg/m³ Molybdenum 0.003 mg/m³ 15 mg/m³ 10 mg/m³ (I) BOS 4301, Industrial Hygiene 3 Nickel 0.25 mg/m³ 1 mg/m³ 1.5 mg/m³ (I) Zinc Oxide 0.3 mg/m³ 5 mg/m³ 2 mg/m³ (R) (R) Respirable fraction (I) Inhalable fraction Briefly summarize the primary health effects associated with overexposure to each type of metal fume, including both acute and chronic health effects. Explain what analytical methods you would use for evaluating health hazards in the workplace. Identify the types of metal fumes that would produce similar health effects on an exposed worker. Assume that each listed metal can cause respiratory irritation. Use the equation in 1910.1000(d)(2)(i) to calculate the equivalent exposure (in relation to OSHA PELS) for the metal fumes with similar health effects based on the “Result” column in the table above. Discuss whether you believe any of the individual metal fume exposures or the combined exposure exceeds an OSHA PEL or an ACGIH TLV.

1. What is public health and what is its history? What do the concepts of historical, current, and emerging health concerns mean as part of public health?

2.What do morbidity and mortality mean in public health? How do we use these to determine contributory causes of illness, injury, and death?

3.What are the six basic types of public health data and what are some advantages and disadvantages of each?

4.How do the social and behavioral sciences relate to public health?

5.What are the key legal principles that form the basis for public health law?

6.What is a non-communicable disease? Choose one and discuss the risk factors and at least one intervention to modify, reduce, or eliminate risk factors.

7.What is screening and what role does it play in communicable disease prevention?

8.What are the components of an environmental risk assessment? Choose an environmental risk (i.e. pesticides or lead) and apply this to an assessment.

9.Discuss three different public health professionals. What are their roles, where might they work, what is their education and credentialing?

10.Find two in-patient care facilities and two out-patient care facilities in your hometown. What do they do? Who do they serve? Please include a link or address so I may look into the selected facilities.

11.What are three types of insurance available in the US? Who has access to each? (i.e. what are the requirements to utilize or access each type you selected).

12.List the ten essential services of public health (yes, just list).

13.What is the role of public health in emergency preparedness for both man-made and natural disasters?

14.Examine the eight The Millennium Development Goals for 2015. Please list them and for each goal, one objective that has been set to meet that goal (be sure to include the who/what/when/ and where.

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