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1. Which two of the following mutational changes would you predict to be the most deleterious to gene function?

a. Insertion of a single nucleotide near the end of a coding sequence.

b. Removal of a single nucleotide near the beginning of a coding sequence.

c. Deletion of three consecutive nucleotides in the middle of a coding sequence.

d. Deletion of four consecutive nucleotides in the middle of a coding sequence.

e. Substitution of one nucleotide for another in the middle of a coding sequence.

2. Which type of RNA chain encodes for proteins?

3. What are the pieces of RNA that are removed from the final, mature RNA chains by the process of splicing called?

4. There are three fundamental differences between RNA and DNA. List two of these differences.

5. What is the central dogma of molecular biology and what are the names of the processes that transmit the genetic information between the key components of the dogma?

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Sixta Kovacek
Sixta KovacekLv2
28 Sep 2019
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Related questions

Which

two of the followingmutational changes would you predict to be the most deleterious to gene function?

a. Insertion of a single nucleotide near the end of a codingsequence.

b. Removal of a single nucleotide near the beginning of a codingsequence.

c. Deletion of three consecutive nucleotides in the middle of acoding sequence.

d. Deletion of four consecutive nucleotides in the middle of acoding sequence.

e. Substitution of one nucleotide for another in the middle of acoding sequence.

Question 401 pts

Kinetic energy is the stored energy that can be used for motion.

True
False

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Question 411 pts

When an electron is transferred from one atom to another, and the two atoms are then electrically attracted to one another, a(n) ________________ bond is formed.

ionic
kinetic
covalent
hydrogen

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Question 421 pts

Changing the number of ____________ of an atom would change the chemical properties of the atom.

neutrons
protons
electrons
electron shells

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Question 431 pts

Forming molecules and breaking down molecules in biological organisms usually requires the use of _________ to help the reaction proceed faster.

oil
heat
enzymes
blood

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Question 441 pts

Organic molecules have a core composed of .

carbon
nitrogen
phosphorus
hydrogen

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Question 451 pts

The building blocks of carbohydrates are

polypeptides
amino acids
nucleotides
monosaccharides

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Question 461 pts

Water molecules crossing a membrane from high to low concentration is .

active transport
cell fate
facilitated diffusion
osmosis

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Question 471 pts

Choose the membrane molecule responsible for the passage of polar molecules and ions into and out of the cell.

phospholipids
transmembrane channel proteins
cell surface proteins
carbohydrate chains

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Question 481 pts

The simplest cells are .

prokaryotic
animal cells
eukaryotic
cells of fungi

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Question 491 pts

Which of the following membrane bound organelles are found inside bacterial cells:

nucleus
organelles are not found in prokaryotic cells
mitochondria
chloroplasts

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Question 501 pts

Which of the following is a specialized components of the cell, is associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum, and is responsible for making proteins.

vacuoles
ribosomes
golgi complex
nucleus

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Question 511 pts

Proteins are sorted, modified, and packaged by the _____________ and later transported to the outside of the cell.

ribosomes
golgi bodies (golgi apparatus)
nucleus
mitochondria

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Question 521 pts

Dehydration synthesis is a process of linking two smaller subunits together to form a polymer. Which of the following statements below is true of dehydration synthesis?

Oxygen is consumed.
A water molecule is removed from the molecules.
A water molecule is added to the molecules
Carbon dioxide is given off.

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Question 531 pts

Proteins are made up of _________ held together by peptide bonds.

monomers
monosaccharides
polymers
amino acids

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Question 541 pts

Which of the following gives an amino acid its properties?

NH2
R Group or functional group
COOH
H

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Question 551 pts

The final three-dimensional shape of a protein that includes the bonding of two or more polypeptide chains is call its _____ structure.

Tertiary
Quaternary
Secondary
Primary

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Question 561 pts

How do DNA and RNA differ?

all statements are differences between DNA and RNA.
DNA is double stranded while RNA is single stranded.
They have different sugars.
Thymine is present in DNA but not in RNA.

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Question 571 pts

Which of the following is a component of a DNA nucleotide?

phosphate
a nitrogen containing base
All are components of a nucleotide.
5-carbon sugar

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Question 581 pts

Cell membranes are made up of several different types of molecules. Select the membrane molecule below that is made up of a polar region and two non-polar fatty acid tails.

transmembrane proteins
carbohydrate chains
phospholipids
cell surface proteins

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Question 591 pts

Two organelles which are believed to have once been free-living bacterial cells are ____________ and ______________.

chloroplasts and mitochondria
golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum
ribosomes and nucleolus
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Question 601 pts

The is an extensive system of internal membranes responsible for producing carbohydrates and lipids.

smooth endoplasmic reticulum
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nucleolus
mitochondria

I'm having trouble simplifying this 6 question paper. Pleaserewrite this then post in comments. thanks! just 1-5 senstences perquestion please. please!

1.Among systems for study of macro evolutionary change (e.g.,major change in anatomy, moving from water to land or vice versa,acquisition of flight, etc.), the cetaceans have become the 'posterchild'. Explain why cetaceans are a better system in which to studyevolutionary transitions than each of the following vertebrategroups:

Cetaceans have primitive taxa thatrecords sequences of change at three critical phases:

-Initial aquatic specialization

-Evolution of filter feeding withbaleen

-Derivation of echolaction.

Divergence times in cetaceans areconducive to detection of positive selection and inactive loci.Evolutionary splits in cetacea are deep enough to provide adequatechange for statistically robust analyses of molecular evolution butare not so deep that substitution patterns are saturated andrecognition of pseudogenes is hindered.

They have an impressive fossilrecord.

Whole genomes for both cetaceans andterrestrial cetartiodactyles can illuminate transitions andcandidate loci associated with aquatic features and degenerativeevolution have been characterized by several research groups.

turtles: highly derived taxa but areancient clades and more difficult to study from a molecularperspective.

manatees: The extant diversity ofaquatic manatees is limited.

bats: have a poor fossil record.

pterosaurs (ancient winged reptiles):Lack genetic Data.

2. What is myoglobin?

A myoglobin is a small 153-amino acidprotein that is the primary carrier and storage center of oxygen inmuscle.

Explain why increased diving ability should be correlated withspecific types of replacement mutations of the gene encoding theprotein myoglobin.

Amino acid replacement that increasedcharge occurred overwhelmingly in lineages of extreme divers withsemiaquatic or aquatic lifestyles. The greatest increase in chargeoccurred independently in cetaceans, pinnipeds, and the bever, allof which share at least two convergent amino acid replacementswithin each lineage.

What specific kinds of amino acid replacements are favored bypositive selection when increased diving ability is favored?

High net surface charge enableselectrostatic repulsion that might reduce deleterious selfassociation of myoglobin molecules; protein folding stability couldhave a similar impact by limiting the percentage of misfoldedmolecules at high expression levels.

Explain how the maximum dive capability of an extinct whalespecies can be estimated.

By combining body mass with inferredconcentration of myoglobin based on net surface charge they wereable to estimate the maximum dive times of extinct cetaceans.

3. What is the general function of the protein prestin?

Is involved in conferringelectromotility to the outer hair cells of the cochlea, enablingsensitive to sound by driving the cochlear amplifier.

Explain why a phylogenetic treereconstructed using the characters of prestin amino acid sequencesshowed at first that the whales form a subgroup within thebats!

A phylogenetic analysis of prestinamino acid sequences supported a tree in which some odontocetecetaceans were nested within bats with high support, despitephylogenetic analsysts of nucleotides sequences favoring a moredistant relations.

This pattern was driven by convergentamino acid changes in that were shared between toothed whales andecholocating bats.

4. Relative to terrestrial mammals, what changes occurred togive deep diving cetaceans 'rod monochromacy'?

Rod monochromancy is unique amongmammals due to extreme adaptation to low light levels.

What is the advantage of rod monochromacy?

Allows you to see in low lightlevels.

Why does it make sense that rhodopsins of cetaceans are shiftedfrom red (low energy) to blue (high energy) sensitivity?

The mechanisms underlying the spectraltuning of two of these blue-shifted pigments have recently beenelucidated and depend on three amino acid substitutions(83Asn, 292Ser, and 299Ser) indolphin rhodopsin, but only one amino acid substitution(308Ser) in the dolphin long-wavelength-sensitivepigment. The objective of this study was to investigate themolecular basis for changes in the spectral sensitivity of rodvisual pigments from seven distantly related marine mammals. Theresults show a relationship between blue-shifted rhodopsins([lambda]max [less-than-or-equal] 490 nm), deep-divingforaging behavior, and the substitutions 83Asn and292Ser. Species that forage primarily near the surfacein coastal habitats have a rhodopsin with a [lambda]maxsimilar to that of terrestrial mammals (500 nm) and possess thesubstitutions 83Asp and 292Ala, identical torhodopsins from terrestrial mammals.

5. What is the function of the protein ameloblastin?

Is an enamel matrix protein. Theprotein that encodes AMBN gene. Allows growth activity andstructure of the tooth enamel.

Characterize the specific nucleotide sequence and functionaldifferences in ameloblastin genes between baleen whales versusother mammals.

Baleen whale a toothed whale and moredistantly related mammals with single base pair frameshiftinsertion in the baleen whale AMBN pseudogene. Clear cut molecularsignature of a shared signature of shared aquatic ancestry forhippos and whales is currently lacking. Loci related to underwatercision, deep diving and lung surfactant do not show evidence ofmolecular adapation in the common ancestor of these taxa.

6. What are the two main general categories of convergentevolution described in cetaceans and other vertebrates?

Auditory genes. Bats and odontecetshave many similar capabilities with regards to high frequency soundperception.

Selection has driven the independentloss of both OPNI1SQ and OPN1LW in deep diving cetaceans tooptimize visual acuity at depth and at night.

Loss of functional TAS1R genes alsooccurred independently in Otariidae (sea lions) and many carnivorsmammals convergently lack the fuctional sugar taste perception geneTAS1R2

Based on these studies why is it important to use neutral ornearly neutral characters in phylogenetic analyses wheneverpossible?

Comparison amobg a broader taxonomicsample of geneoms can reveal learge suits of genes that haveundergone convergent recruitment and subsittuions among multipleclades of aquatic tetrapods.

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