In as few short sentences as possible, answer the followingpatient case questions.
Central Nervous System: Bacterial Meningitis
JA is a 3-year old male who regularly attends a crowded day carefacility. He typically very active and energetic. One morning hismother had difficulty waing him up and on closer inspection apetechial rash was noticed on his abdomen. She took his temperatureand found that he had a fever of 104 degrees F. He volunteered thathe had a headache and felt nauseous. JA was brought to theemergency room where he was examined and a lumbar puncture wasperformed. Gram stain revealed the presence of Haemophilusinfluenza in the CSF. He was diagnosed with acute pyogenicmeningitis. He was admitted to the hospital and treated withintravenous antibiotics.
- Describe the location and function of the 3 meningeal membranescovering the brain and spinal cord.
- How are these membranes affected by H influenza?
- Where is CSF formed and describe its route of flow through thecentral nervous system?
- What effect might meningitis have of intracranial pressure?Why?
- What is the blood brain barrier and what are itsfunctions?
Appendicitis
CF is a 17-year-old male who has experienced pain in theperiumbilical area of his abdomen. The Pain rapidly became moresevere and shiften to his right lower quadrant. He became nauseousand had a mild fever. After being taken to the ER his skin wasfound to be moist and cool from sweating and his heart rate andblood pressure were elevated. Ultrasonography confirmed thediagnosis of appendicitis. He was referred for surgery to removethe appendix. Upon discharge he was sent home with a prescriptionfor Percocet to relieve postsurgical pain.
- Describe the 3 neuron pathway that transmits the pain signalfrom the abdomen to the somatosensory cortex of the brain Whichtypes of nociceptors are involved and how are they stimulated? Whatis the neurotransmitter released in the spinal cord?
- Percocet is an opioid agonist. Explain this medication producesanalgesia.
- What detrimental side effects may accompany high doses oroverdose of opioid agonists?
In as few short sentences as possible, answer the followingpatient case questions.
Central Nervous System: Bacterial Meningitis
JA is a 3-year old male who regularly attends a crowded day carefacility. He typically very active and energetic. One morning hismother had difficulty waing him up and on closer inspection apetechial rash was noticed on his abdomen. She took his temperatureand found that he had a fever of 104 degrees F. He volunteered thathe had a headache and felt nauseous. JA was brought to theemergency room where he was examined and a lumbar puncture wasperformed. Gram stain revealed the presence of Haemophilusinfluenza in the CSF. He was diagnosed with acute pyogenicmeningitis. He was admitted to the hospital and treated withintravenous antibiotics.
- Describe the location and function of the 3 meningeal membranescovering the brain and spinal cord.
- How are these membranes affected by H influenza?
- Where is CSF formed and describe its route of flow through thecentral nervous system?
- What effect might meningitis have of intracranial pressure?Why?
- What is the blood brain barrier and what are itsfunctions?
Appendicitis
CF is a 17-year-old male who has experienced pain in theperiumbilical area of his abdomen. The Pain rapidly became moresevere and shiften to his right lower quadrant. He became nauseousand had a mild fever. After being taken to the ER his skin wasfound to be moist and cool from sweating and his heart rate andblood pressure were elevated. Ultrasonography confirmed thediagnosis of appendicitis. He was referred for surgery to removethe appendix. Upon discharge he was sent home with a prescriptionfor Percocet to relieve postsurgical pain.
- Describe the 3 neuron pathway that transmits the pain signalfrom the abdomen to the somatosensory cortex of the brain Whichtypes of nociceptors are involved and how are they stimulated? Whatis the neurotransmitter released in the spinal cord?
- Percocet is an opioid agonist. Explain this medication producesanalgesia.
- What detrimental side effects may accompany high doses oroverdose of opioid agonists?
