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For a population with a high frequency of NCRNA, propose astrategy for reducing the frequency of the disease? To answer thisquestion you need to know:

-The NCRNA phenotype

-The mode of inheritance of the disease.

-The population that you need to screen, and the way you doit.

-The populations that you need to test and the way you doit.

-What reproductive plan would you suggest to a couple bothheterozygotes for the NCRNA allele in order to help them to preventthe disease in their future kid(s).

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Beverley Smith
Beverley SmithLv2
28 Sep 2019

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Q6. Mead and his colleagues proposed a hypothesis for the apparent heterozygote advantage for the PrP locus. What did they suggest as the basis for the high presence of both alleles?

History of cannibalism.

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Q1. Which of the following statements is true about the disease Kuru?
Kuru is caused by a virus, which is contracted by eating human brain material.
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Kuru is caused by a dominant allele for PrP; if a person has two copies, he or she will develop Kuru.
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Q2. True or false: One can calculate the frequency of alleles in a population if the genotypes of the members of the population are known.

True False

Q3. The Hardy-Weinberg equation is p2 + 2pq + q2. In this equation, q2 stands for the frequency of ____________ in a population.

The recessive allele O

ne of the homozygous genotypes

The dominant allele

Heterozygous genotype


Q4. Which of the following descriptions best fits the relationship between the terms gene, allele, locus, and chromosome?

Alleles are different forms of a gene, which can be found at a locus on a chromosome.

Genes are made up of chromosomes, which can be found at a locus on an allele.

Chromosomes are different forms of a gene, which can be found at an allele on a locus.

A locus is made up of alleles, which can be found at a gene on a chromosome.

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Protection from malaria.
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Recessive
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Impossible to determine dominance from the information given.


Q8. A bird population has two alleles for feather color at the following relative frequencies: Allele FC1 = 0.5, Allele FC2 = 0.5. Allele FC1 is:
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If one millipede population has 60 black individuals, 20 brown individuals, and 20 yellow individuals, what is the relative frequency of allele C in that population?

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0.6
0.7
0.8
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Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive genetic disease that is characterized by the secretion of thick, abnormal mucous in the lungs. The mutated gene that leads these symptoms is the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR gene). The encoded protein is a chloride channel that moves chloride ions out of epithelial cells. In a homozygous individual, the lack of this chloride channel function in a mutant slows the flow of water into extracellular spaces. This lack of water export leads to the heavy mucus in the lungs of CF patients. Although children with CF would die in childhood, current treatments provide life expectancies into the 30’s.

CF is the most frequently inherited genetic disorder among American children. It affects 1 of every 2,500 children; 30,000 currently have the disease. Although its frequency is higher in European populations, it affects all human populations. Heterozygous carrier frequencies in the US are estimated to be 1 out of 29 Caucasians, 1 out of 46 Hispanics, 1 out of 61 African Americans and 1 out of 90 Asians. There are genetic screens for carriers of CF but they are not routinely performed despite this high frequency of carriers. At least all states in the US proscribe testing of newborns to identify children with CF early so that treatment can be started. Newborn tests for CF: http://www.cff.org/AboutCF/Testing/NewbornScreening/ScreeningforCF/ . If CF is such a common genetic disease, and such a simple Mendelian trait, why is genetic screening of parents not done more frequently? Is it just economic, a pain to do, or is it more complex such that the results of genetic testing are not just positive or negative?

Answer the following questions:
1. If two parents are heterozygous carriers of CF, show a pedigree with four children showing the incidence of carriers and afflicted children. If each unafflicted child (carrier or not) mates with another person, who has a 1 out of 30 chance of being a carrier of CF, what is the expected incidence CF disease in the third generation (frequency of CF in any one of grandchildren of the original couple)?

2. Pleiotropy of Cystic Fibrosis. Watch the two videos on the left at:

http://www.cftrscience.com/MOD-animation
or, if you can not view these, read the short NIH Genetics Home Reference for Cystic Fibrosis http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/cystic-fibrosis

Connect the description with one of the following videos, or related ones (there are many) you see:
video (10 minutes) of daily life of a child with Cystic Fibrosis http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WUsuGKzdDg8
Laura’s (20 year old) video diary of life with CF http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pgrf8qJXhpc&feature=related

In your own words, describe the range of CF phenotypes. List the other organs besides lungs that are affected and how does it affects those organs.

3.The DNA sequence of the CFTR gene is 170,000 base pairs in length and encodes the CFTR protein that is 1480 amino acids long. Open the accompanying text file (in Canvas/Files/Discussion folder) “CFTR gene DNA sequence”. You will see an alignment of the NIH human genome sequence of the CFTR gene – called “Reference” rather than “wild-type”- against a gene sequence containing a common mutation in CFTR. Look at the alignment and determine how the DNA sequence differs between them. What is the position number where they differ? How many and what nucleotides do they differ in? A “-“ mark in one sequence in the alignment means that that base sequence is missing the corresponding bases in the other sequence. The sequence is a long one but the differences are in bolded bright red text. Matching sequence is marked with a | linking the two sequences. Look near the sequence AAATATCATC if you use FIND tool in Word.

In another file, you will an alignment of the reference translated into a protein sequence, compared to the mutant allele translated into protein sequence. The differences are again in red whereas the areas where the proteins match are in black. Look at the alignment. How do these two proteins differ? Again, find the position number and describe how they differ at that location. A “-“ mark in the alignment means that amino acid is missing when compared to the other sequence.

4. Given that the CFTR gene can be analyzed for a mutation that causes CF, couples interested in being tested as carriers face several choices given the results.
What could be a consequence of a false positive result (couple is identified as carriers but they would not produce any children with symptoms)?

What could be a consequence of a false negative result (a test indicates the couple is not both carriers but they would produce some children with CF)?

5. The sensitivity of the test can vary with ethnic group. The following is a chart from the NCBI Genetic testing site. A sensitivity less than 100% would be likely to produce false negative results from an inability to determine that someone is carrier.

CF Carrier Test Sensitivity by Ethnic Group
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/GeneTests/static/concepts/primer/ptscarr5.shtml

Ethnic Group 1

Population Frequency of CF

Sensitivity of Carrier Detection 2

Caucasian

1 in 29

90%

Ashkenazi Jewish

1 in 29

97%

Native American

1 in 32

94%

Latino

1 in 46

57%

African-American

1 in 60

75%

Asian

1 in 90

30%

Why might different ethnic populations differ in the ability of the genetic test to identify carriers of CF?

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