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22 Feb 2018

Suppose you would like to study a gene that codes for a peptide hormone H secreted by human neurons. You know the primary sequence of this peptide hormone. Explain how you might be able to identify or isolate the gene that codes for this peptide hormone. How will you produce multiple copies of this gene for study? How will you produce large quantities of this hormone for evaluation as a potential therapeutic agent? Provide a detailed outline of steps you will use for each of these objectives explaining why that step is needed.

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teacherrecoLv10

31 Jul 2023

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Nestor RutherfordLv2

23 Feb 2018

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Related questions

2. Explain the structural role of the four different categories of biomolecules within a cell.

3. Explain how water, a steroid hormone, and a monosaccharide are transported into a cell down their concentration gradient and explain why the different molecules are transported in different ways.

4. Explain which forms of transport require energy and why, and how ATP facilitates energy-dependent transport.

5. All of the different types of biomolecules can serve as energy sources. Explain which biomolecules are catabolized in which metabolic pathways.

6. Whether or not the cellular machinery is in place for particular catabolic reactions to go forward depends on which genes are being expressed. Explain the different points, in a eukaryotic cell, at which gene expression might be regulated, and how.

7. The primary tasks of any organism are survival and reproduction. Acquiring biomolecules and catabolizing them to generate energy is a major factor in survival. For reproduction to occur, DNA must first be replicated so that it can be passed on. Describe the process of DNA replication.

8. If you wanted to replicate DNA artificially in large quantities, how would you go about it?

9. Once DNA has been replicated, what is the sequence of events in the cell cycle and in cell division that produce the gametes for sexual reproduction? Where does this event fit, along with other cell cycles, in the life cycle of the organism?

10. A number of physical traits in humans are controlled by a simple dominant/recessive relationship between two alleles; here are some examples (dominant/recessive):

Widowâs peak/no widowâs peak

Free earlobes/attached earlobes

Cleft chin/no cleft chin

Dimples/no dimples

Freckles/no freckles

Naturally curly hair (really curly, not wavy)/straight hair

Make a pedigree of your immediate family indicating the possible genotype of each family member (for the six genes listed above) based on their phenotype. If you are adopted, indicate the possible genotypes and phenotypes of your parents. You may make this part up.

*Please don't answer with photos, DO NOT UPLOAD PHOTO, it's hard to read.

I post this question twice, please don't answer this post if you already answer the other one, if you can answer different answer that's fine. REASON WHY I POST IT TWICE, I NEED TWO DIFFERENT VIEW.

Discussion

Hi All - this week you will learn about DNA - the molecule of life! You may think that protein-coding genes are the most important, but results from the Human Genome Project revealed that only about 2% of our DNA codes for protein - so what about the rest of the "junk DNA" (or non-protein coding portion of the genome) - is it functionally important? Yes! Scientists are learning how "the non-protein-coding portion of the genome is of crucial functional importance: for normal development and physiology and for disease". I would like you to please choose a topic with regards to the non-protein coding portion of the genome (this will introduce you to gene regulation which we will cover in chapter 11) or you may also choose to write about a topic that describes a mutation in any protein that is involved in DNA replication, transcription, or translation (we did not talk about all of the enzymes involved in those processes). Please list your reputable source - this is worth 0.5 pt (even if you use one of my sources below) and tell me WHY you chose your topic (this is worth 1 pt.) please try to briefly explain your topic to the best of your knowledge - I don't expect you to write a lot of detail about your topic - it might be hard to understand (which you are welcome to comment on in your paragraph)!

Examples to choose from (but not limited to) include: noncoding RNAs (snRNAs, miRNAs, siRNAs, snoRNAs, piRNAs, lincRNAs) and RNA therapeutics:

LIST:

1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4119351/ (Development of microRNA therapeutics is coming of age)

2. http://www.umassmed.edu/rti/ (RNA Therapeutics Institute)

3. http://www.genengnews.com/insight-and-intelligence/rna-based-therapeutics-and-vaccines/77900520/

4. http://genesdev.cshlp.org/content/26/21/2361.full (Biology of PIWI-Interacting RNAs: new insights into biogenesis and function inside and outside of germlines)

5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4265212/ (PIWI proteins and their interactors in piRNA biogenesis, germline development and gene expression)

6. http://www.news-medical.net/news/20121203/microRNAs-play-an-important-role-during-embryonic-development.aspx

7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4578617/ (the role of microRNAs in cell fate determination)

8. http://news.berkeley.edu/2017/01/13/scientists-reprogram-embryonic-stem-cells-to-expand-their-potential/

9. http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/40871/title/The-Second-Coming-of-RNAi/

10. http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2013/cardiac-development-needs-more-than-protein-coding-genes-0124.html (long non-coding RNA molecules)

11. http://www.alzforum.org/news/research-news/new-role-micrornas-torpedoes-sink-neurons(microRNAs)

12. http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/rothmund-thomson-syndrome (mutation in human helicase gene)

13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3633371/ (mutation in mitochondrial helicase gene called TWINKLE)

14. http://sfari.org/news-and-opinion/news/2013/in-autism-related-disorders-rna-turns-out-to-be-key (RNA topoisomerase)

15. http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/TERC (dyskeratosis congenita - mutations in the TERC gene - the RNA component of telomerase)

16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3853347/ (Top3beta is an RNA topoisomerase that works with Fragile X syndrome protein to promote synapse formation)

The following 3 articles discuss long non-coding RNAs - there are many examples in each article so you only need to talk about one example - not the whole article:

1. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468054016300063 (mechanism of action and functional utility)

2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5084630/ (dysregulated expression in ovarian cancer)

3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4736767/ (stem cells)

skyminnow948

For this assignment, we will consider a protein expressed in theliver of an African cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus). Biochemistsdetermined that this protein is involved in the production ofglycogen.

In a stunning announcement, a snowboarder in Antarctica claimsto have found a new species of cheetah that is able to survivefreezing temperatures and a long, dark winter. The snowboarderdescribed a slow, fat, white-furred cheetah that may be related tothe African cheetah. Scientists isolated a fragment of DNA from theobese feline creature which codes for the liver protein:

(3' end) ...CTACGTTCAGCTTGTCACGACTGGTTA... (5' end)

(5' end) ...GATGCAAGTCGAACAGTGCTGACCAAT... (3' end)

At almost the same time, a sleek, fast, white-coated cheetah wasfound in the Andes in South America where cheetahs were not knownto exist. With some difficulty, a geneticist convinced the cheetahto allow her to swab the inside of the big cat's cheek to get asample of DNA. Soon after, the geneticist was able to isolate thefollowing DNA fragment believed to be involved with glycogenproduction in the liver:

(3' end) ...TCACCTACGTTCAATAGGTCACGACTGG... (5' end)

(5' end) ...AGTGGATGCAAGTTATCCAGTGCTGACC... (3' end)

The original African cheetah DNA fragment describing the liverprotein in question is this:

(3' end) ...CACCTACGTTCAGGAGGTCAGGACTGGTTA... (5' end)

(5' end) ...GTGGATGCAAGTCCTCCAGTCCTGACCAAT... (3' end)

You are part of a team of geneticists, evolutionary biologists,and bioinformatics experts. You will attempt to describe thedifferences between the three species of cheetah in both geneticand evolutionary terms.

1)For each DNA sequence, transcribe to mRNA and then find thechain of amino acids that it produces. Remember that a gene mustbegin with the "Start" codon.

2)Describe the differences in the basic genetic code between thethree species. How many DNA point mutations would be required tochange from one species to the others? How do the amino acidsequences of the proteins differ? Are there any silent mutationsthat may not effect the function of the protein?

3)Looking at the amino acid substitutions that exist between thespecies, would you expect there to be large functional differencesbetween the two slightly different proteins based on the propertiesof the substituted amino acids? Explain why you think this might bethe case.

4)Quantitatively assess the evolutionary distance between eachpair of the three species using the substitution matrix and PAMscores. (This involves three pairs: African/Andes,African/Antarctic, and Antarctic/Andes.)

5)Propose a scenario describing how the two new cheetah speciesmight have evolved from the African cheetah. Were the two newcheetahs once a single species which then branched to form twoseparate species? Or did they evolve independently from the Africancheetah? Be sure to include in your scenario how the new cheetahsmanaged to move from Africa to their present locations. Estimate arelative time line for each separate speciation event. (Aspeciation event is the genetic or environmental event that resultsin the creation of a new species.) How might the three proteinsexplain the survivability of the three species in their nativehabitat? (A little speculation is OK here. You are presenting ahypothesis based on the available evidence. Further research wouldbe required to prove your hypothesis.)

HELP IS APPRECIATED