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Live cultures of Bacillus thuringiensis (Dipel) and B. subtilis (Kodiak) are sold as pesticides. What bacterial structures make it possible to package and sell this bacteria? For what purpose is each product used?

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Jarrod Robel
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Related questions

The following is from a Mosquito Dunks® label. Mosquito Dunks® are used to control mosquito larvae populations in standing water.

ACTIVE INGREDIENT:

Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis, Serotype H-14 primary powder,

7000 Aedes aegypti international toxic units (ITU) per milligram (dry weight basis)… 10%

INERT INGREDIENTS…………………………………………………………………….. 90%

A. The active ingredient in Bti products is a crystalline protein protoxin produced by Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies israelensis ______. (endospores or bacteria)

B. Describe, in some detail, how these protein crystals kill insect larvae.

C. Bt bioinsecticides are toxic to insect larvae that eat them, but are not toxic to humans and other animals because.....PICK ONE--humans eat very little of the product, while insect larvae at a lot of it; humans are much larger than insects and are less likely to be affected; Actually, Bt insecticides are toxic when eaten by humans and other animals; the B. thuringiensis protoxin is activated only in the basic environment of the insect gut

D. Nolo Bait®, which contains spores of the obligate intracellular fungus Nosema locustae, has been licensed by the EPA as a control measure for grasshoppers. Nolo Bait is also called “Grasshopper Spore.” N. locustae spores and bacterial spores are similar in all of the following ways EXCEPT: Both spores remain inert under adverse conditions; Both spores can remain viable in the environment for long periods of time; Both spores are used for reproduction; All of the above are true of both types of spores

E. What unusual cellular characteristic does N. locustae share with the protist Mixotricha paradoxa, the organism discussed in the article “A Russian Doll of Symbiosis?”

F. Photorhabdus luminescens is perhaps the most unusual microbe yet proposed to be used as a bioinsecticide. Photorhabdus luminescens and the microscopic worm Heterohabditis bacteriophora are (bacteria, symbionts, nematode worms, wax worms) The P. luminescens (nematode worms, wax worms, bacterium) lives in a (nematode worm, wax worm, bacteria) host. This host then parasitizes an insect larva, and the (wax worm, nematode worm, bacteria) within it produce (toxins, bacteria, spores) that kill the (nematode worm, wax worm, bacteria).

G. The relationship exhibited by P. luminescens bacteria and the nematode worm Heterorhabditis bacteriophora is a good example of ________. (commensalism, parasitism, or mutalism)

Ciproflaxin is a broad spectrum antibiotic that kills most normal microbial inhabitants in the human gut. Clostridium difficile is found in small numbers in the normal flora of some healthy adults however this normal inhabitant of the gut is not affected by ciproflaxin. Clostridium difficile is innately resistant to ciproflaxin. After therapy with ciproflaxin patients who normally carry Clostridium difficile often exhibit Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. The change in ability of Clostridium difficile to cause disease would best be explained by the statement that [choose the statement below that you would argue is the best explanation]

a.

Ciproflaxin interacted with Clostridium difficile in a manner to make the organism more pathogenic.
b.

I do not know the answer to this question.
c.

Ciproflaxin has killed the microbes that normally compete with Clostridium difficile in the gut allowing the microbe to grow uncontrolled.
d.

Ciproflaxin acted as a mutagen. Ciproflaxin induced a mutation in Clostridium difficile to make the organism more pathogenic.

Please provide support/justification for your answer to the ciproflaxin treatment of Clostridium question.

Bacillus subtilis is growing in a nutrient rich environment. If glucose is depleted, what would be the first response of Bacillus subtilis to the change in the environment?

a.

utilization of another carbon source.
b.

formation of an endospore.
c.

alteration of a DNA sequence.
d.

I don’t know the answer to this question.
e.

acceptance of DNA via gene transfer.

Please provide support/justification for your answer to the Bacillus depleting glucose question.

Which is _*NOT*_ true about the evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacterial populations? It can be mediated by

a.

modification of a bacterium’s genome through uptake of new genetic information.
b.

I do not know the answer to this question.
c.

alterations of a bacterium’s genetic material through mutation.
d.

changes in gene expression that occur in the presence of antibiotics.
e.

selective growth of bacteria capable of degrading antibiotics.

Please provide support/justification for your answer to the bacterial antibiotic resistance evolution question.

answer all of them and you have to be sure

1-

How are bacteria and archaea are different from eukaryotes

They do not have a nucleus

Don't have complex, membrane-bounded organelles in their cytoplasm

don't have complex, membrane-bounded organelles in their cytoplasm

all of the above

none of the above

2-

If a bacterial cell is slightly curled or spiral-shaped cylinder is the bacterium is described as

Bacillus

Branching filaments

Cocci

Spirillum

Vibrio

3-

If bacterial cells are rods that are gently curved is the bacterium is described as

Bacillus

Branching filaments

Cocci

Spirillum

Vibrio

4-

If bacterial cells are spindle-shaped, round-ended, long and threadlike (filamentous), or even club-shaped or drumstick-shaped, the bacterium is described as

Bacillus

Branching filaments

Cocci

Spirillum

Vibrio

5-What are the spikes in a viral capsid composed of _______

6-Many helminths have both male and female organs. What is this term for this_______

7-What is the movement in response to a chemical called?_____

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