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2. Brine shrimp or sea monkeys normally live at pH 8. You want to test the effect of pH on the ability of brine shrimp to survive at a lower pH (pH 4, 5 6 and 7).

  1. a)  What would be the experimental groups? _____________________________________

  2. b)  Explain your answer.

  3. c)  What would be the appropriate control group? _________________________________

  4. d)  Explain your answer.

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Related questions

1. Dr. X wanted to see if fermenting grapes would produce more achohol if more sugar was added than he normally added (50 g). His experiment had 2 groups: group 1 had 50 g of sugar added to 2 1b. of grapes and 1 liter of water. Group 2 had 100 g of sugar added to 1 1b. of grapes and 1 liter of water.

A. what is the experimental group? -----
B. Explain your answer.
c. what is the control group?
d. explain your answer.

2. Brine shrimp or sea monkeys normally live at pH 8. you want to test the effect of pH on the ability of brine shrimp to survive at a lower pH (pH 4, 5 6 and 7).

a. what would be the experimental groups?--------'
b. explain your answer.
c. what would be the appropriate control group?
d. explain your answer.

For Discussion (2-3 paragraphs) • What was the concentration of your pre-diluted NPs? • Determine the effect of NPs on brine shrimp lethality. • Determine the effect of NPs on cell viability. • What is (are) the control(s) in this experiment? What is its purpose? • Based on your data in this lab, what is a safe concentration for brine shrimp Threshold Level of Toxicity (TTL)? • Often indicator species are used to study the overall health of an ecosystem. If you were to study an ecosystem containing brine shrimp, would you use it as an indicator species? Why or Why not? Explain your reasoning. • What possible sources of error were present in this experiment?

Introduction

LD50 is a commonly used term to describe acute toxicity: LD stands for Lethal Dose and 50 is used because the dose could kill 50% of the animals exposed to the chemical. For LD50 tests, the animals are given specific amounts of the chemical, orally, by injection or dermally. The value is then reported along with the method of administration and the type of animal used in the test. LD50 is typically reported in milligrams or grams per kilogram of body weight of the animal. The lower the LD50 is, the higher the toxicity of the chemical would be. This information is always provided in Safety Data Sheet (SDS) of chemicals in the “toxicity data” category. A similar measure, the LC50 is usually used to describe the ecological hazards of chemicals. LC stands for lethal concentration that could kill 50% of the animals after 24-96 hours. This value is always provided in Safety Data Sheet (SDS) of chemicals in the “Ecological Data” category. In this lab, you will be measuring LC50 or LD50 of iron oxide nanoparticles using brine shrimp. Iron oxide nanoparticles are magnetic. Application of magnetic nanoparticles ranges from magnetic storage media to medical industry where they can be used for targeted drug delivery or as contrast agents in MRI. Thus, measuring environmental and biological toxicity of these nanoparticles is crucial. To test toxicity of any such reagents on small organisms, Daphnia and brine shrimps (also known as Artemia) can be used. Artimia are found in salt lakes around the world. They are important live food for aquarium fish. In this lab, you will use brine shrimp to measure toxicity of the nanoparticles. Trypan blue is a stain used to assess cell viability. It is able to diffuse through cell membranes of dead cells but is unable to permeate live cells. This stain can be used to assess cell survival 1 Fall 2017 following exposure to chemicals, nanoparticles and experimental drugs. The ratio of live: dead cells can be used as a preliminary assessment of cytotoxicity and translated to tissue viability.

Methods Part A: Serial Dilution of NP Solution 1) Label 5 test tubes as 0, 1:1, 1:10, 1:100, 1:1000 2) Add 2mL of seawater to tube 0 3) Add 2mL of specific group stock solution to tube 1:1 and add 2mL of seawater to it. 4) Transfer 1mL of stock solution to tube 1:10 and add 9mL of seawater to this tube 5) Transfer 1mL of 1:10 solution to the tube labeled as 1:100 and add 9mL of seawater to 
this tube 6) Transfer 1mL of 1:100 solution to the test tube labeled as 1:1000 and add 9mL of 
seawater to this tube Part B: Preparation of test environments 1) Label 5 wells of 6-well plate as control (0), 1:1, 1:10, 1:100 and 1:1000 2) Label 3 petri dishes as: control (0), 1:1 and 1:1000 
NOTE: Be sure to include your initials on all plates 3) Transfer 2mL of each solution from the corresponding test tube to the respective wells on your six-well plate and each petri dish Part C: Preparing specimens for the Trypan blue cell viability test 1) Transfer 2 brine shrimp into each of the pre-labeled petri dishes containing the solution of NPs and seawater (0, 1:1 & 1:1000) and set a timer for 30 minutes. 2) Transfer a single brine shrimp into the unlabeled petri dish with a drop (~50ul) of seawater and use the dissecting microscope to make observations related to the behavior and morphology of untreated brine shrimp.
Make observations in lab notebook of all samples Part D: Preparation of specimens for the toxicity assay 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Add 10 brine shrimp into each well in the 6 -well plate Make observations in lab notebook Using a dissecting microscope (if needed), count the number of brine shrimp in each well (alive shrimps).
Record your data in your notebook using the graphic below as a template. Close the plate and store it for next observation.
Observations must be done within 24h-96h
Note: There will be times allocated and a sign up paper for observations Part E: Trypan blue viability test 2 Fall 2017 1) Label 3 glass slides to match the petri dishes prepared in Part C. 2) Transfer 1 brine shrimp from each petri dish onto the corresponding slide. 
Make observations in your lab notebook 3) Add a drop (~60 μl) of PBS on top of each specimen 4) Add 60 μl of Trypan blue to your shrimp and incubate for 1-2 minutes at room 
temperature. 5) Wick away excess liquid 6) Add 100 μl PBS to sample and observe (while alive!), looking for blue cells, using the 
dissecting scope 
Make observations in your lab notebook 7) Label 3 microfuge tubes to align with each sample. 8) Transfer each brine shrimp from the slide into the corresponding microfuge tube 9) Add 50 μl of PBS to the tube and use the mechanical disruption tool to homogenize the 
sample for ~2 minutes until a cell suspension has been generated. 10) Load 30-50 μl of your sample onto a new glass slide and add a cover slip. 11)Observe the sample on high power and use the scale below to qualitatively assess cytotoxicity” 0-no blue 1-some blue 2-fairly blue 3-totally blue.

Do I use the banana or potato? Please read! How can I create anexperiment testing the effects of low pH on enzyme activity?

Hello! I'm having troubles getting started with my scienceexperiment. The instructions are: Design an experiment in which youwill test the effect of an acidic fluid on enzymatic activity. IDthe enzyme, the substrate, the acidic fluid used as treatment, thecontrol treatment and the method of measuring enzyme activity, aswell as explain your experimental protocol. You must alsothoroughly explain how the acidic fluid impacted enzyme activitybased on the results from your own experiment as well as knowledgeof enzymes and pH.

Here is what I have so far:
I have five test tubes, and I’m supposed to be testing the effectsof low pH on enzyme activity. I’ve chosen Amylase/banana as myenzyme and starch/potato as my substrate. (I also have left overstarch liquid and IKI.) I was going to test the different pHs byadding water (7), draino (14), soda (4), banana (5) and soda (4) to1 cubic centimeter of a potato in each tube. I guess I’m just notsure if I’m doing it right. The independent variable influences thechange in my dependent variable. Is my dependent variable thepotato? My independent variable would be the water, draino, soda,banana and soda. What would my control be? Thank you for your help.Am I supposed to put 1 cubic centimeter of potato in each test tubeand then only put the banana in one test tubes with the potato orget rid of the potato and only use the banana in each testtube?

Enzyme:Amylase/banana
Substrate: Starch/Potato
Control: ?
Independent Variable: H2O, Draino, Soda, Banana
Dependent Variable: Potato
Hypothesis: High levels of pH will slow downreactions and low levels of pH will speed them up.
Null Hypothesis: High levels of pH will speed upreactions and low levels of pH will slow them down.

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