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12 Feb 2018

Review the Case Study below. What suggestions do you have for Sally? What would you do if you were Sally?

Case Study:

Sally hasnât been feeling well and she decides to share her symptoms on social media. Lately, she has noticed that she has been unusually tired and she doesnât feel like eating. Over the past few months she has lost several pounds and she is now below her ideal weight. She mentions in her post that she routinely breaks out in hives. In addition, she hasnât been able to sleep through the night. During her routine physical last year, her doctor told her that she was in great medical condition for her age (19). Much to Sallyâs surprise, within just a few minutes of her posting her symptoms she receives multiple messages in her inbox. One in particular catches her attention and she decides to investigate further.

âHi Sally,

I am sorry to hear that you havenât been feeling well. I was reading your post carefully and I was intrigued by your symptoms. Your symptoms are very similar to the ones that I was experiencing just over a year ago. About a month ago, one of my friends recommended a fabulous product that has totally eliminated all of my symptoms. I havenât felt tired and I was able to sleep through the night, which was such a relief. I encourage you to click on my blog link below and read about this fabulous product that really has been a life saver for me. The great news is that you can purchase this product directly through my blog. Hope this helps!â

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15 Feb 2018

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Case study:

Aviva lives in New York City and works as a software developer. She is 25 years old, 5â²5â³ tall, and, at 160 pounds, she is overweight. Aviva's fast-paced day typically starts at 6 a.m. when she gets up for work. She is always in a rush in the mornings, and routinely grabs a quick breakfast of an instant drink or a breakfast bar and a cup of coffee with cream as she walks to the subway. Aviva works long hours at her job and has a heavy workload that keeps her tied to her desk. Around 1 p.m. every day, she takes a short break to grab lunch at the deli next door. She is in the habit of getting the same sandwich every day, generally a prepackaged corned beef or pastrami hoagie with the works: lettuce, tomato, onion, mayo, mustard, and melted cheese, accompanied by a small bag of jalapeno potato chips. Aviva usually orders a 32-oz. cola, and when she is feeling particularly stressed by a difficult work situation, she picks up a triple chocolate chunk cookie to eat at her desk. Chocolate chip cookies are Aviva's favorite comfort food and remind her of happy times on family movie nights. By the time Aviva leaves work, it is usually 8:00 p.m. or later. She walks to the subway station one block from her office and heads home. Once home, she frequently heats up her favorite frozen dinner, barbequed chicken and garlic mashed potatoes with a side of creamed corn. She finds the mashed potatoes to be comforting after a long and tense day at work. Most of Aviva's meals are takeout food or frozen meals from the grocery store. She is generally too tired to cook, and she likes the taste of convenient meals. Her freezer is always full of frozen pizzas, large-portion heat-and-serve meals, and frozen burritos. Each evening she enjoys an hour or two of television, and reads over some papers from work before fixing a hot fudge sundae for herself and heading to bed. One day her company holds a blood pressure screening for all of its employees and Aviva decides to participate. Aviva is shocked to find out that at age 25, she has elevated blood pressure. She start noticing that she has gained weight, and that she lacks some of the energy she had in college. Because of these issues and the fact that her father died of a heart attack two years ago at age 58, Aviva decides to make some changes in her life to live longer and healthier.tomato and orange juice because she knows that fruits and vegetables are healthy choices, and because she alwayshas a supply of tomatoes from the family produce shop.After breakfast, Anna heads downstairs to work. The family store is in the downstairs portion of their house. Whileat work, Anna's brother carries the large boxes of produce into the store and stocks the shelves. Anna sits in a chairat the register and rings up sales. The store closes at 1 p.m. for lunch. In the Czech Republic, foods are generallyprepared and eaten in the home, and lunch is the largest meal of the day. Anna and her family members enjoy amid-day meal together, usually consisting of potato soup, roast pork, boiled cabbage, and dumplings. Rye orpumpernickel bread with butter are often served as well.After lunch, the store reopens until 7 p.m., at which time Anna returns upstairs for dinner. For dinner, Anna ofteneats a small sandwich of sausage on a bun. With her evening meal, she often has a glass of beer. Anna is usually inbed by 10:30 p.m., and tries to get at least eight hours of sleep to be well-rested for the next day's work. However,three times a week she joins her friends at a local bar, where they each drink three or four tall beers and smokecigarettes.Anna's mother has recently fallen ill. The doctor suspects that Anna's mother experienced a very mild heart attackand needs a period of rest and recuperation. Anna has a family history of heart disease; her grandmother died of aheart attack several years ago. Anna is worried about her mother, and she also realizes that she needs to make somelifestyle changes.

Andrea Smith was taking notes for her biology exam. Her professor has told her that the exam would cover, in part, the di erences between sexual and asexual reproduction. As she reviewed her notes and prepared for todayâs class, she was thinking about her own reproductive dilemma. If only asexual reproduction were the case for humans, maybe she wouldnât be in this mess. Or at least there wouldnât be questions about who was the father of her twins. âDwelling on it isnât going to help me prepare for class, and right now I have got to nish this chapter on animal reproduction,â she thought. She tried to concentrate and forget about her current dilemma as she feverishly typed on her notepad:

Asexual or sexual reproduction: 3 types of asexual reproduction: (1) ssion: separation of a parent organism into two or more individuals of equal size, (2) budding: growth of new individuals from outgrowths of existing organisms, and (3) fragmentation accompanied by regeneration: the breaking of the body into several pieces, some or all of which develop into new complete individuals through the regrowth of lost body parts. NOTE: Be able to explain the di erences between sexual and asexual reproduction!

She suddenly let out a long sigh. âItâll be ne,â she thought. âI just hope that none of my family or friends watches the show. What was I thinking when I agreed to this? But thatâs what Xavier wanted, and I will do whatever it takes to prove he is the father. Besides I am going to need the money if I have to take care of these babies on my own!â

e next day in class she was feeling even more nervous and was becoming increasingly angry as she thought about her current situation. Her thoughts were interrupted by the sound of her professorâs voice:

âOK, class,â her teacher was saying, âthat wraps up asexual reproduction. Letâs move on to reproductive cycles
and patterns. Most animals exhibit cycles in their reproductive activity. Reproductive cycles are often controlled
by hormonal and environmental cues. Animals may reproduce either exclusively asexually or sexually while other animals alternate between the two methods. For example, some animals can lay eggs of two types, depending on
the environment and/or season. One egg type matures only if it is fertilized while the other type does not require fertilization for development, a process called parthenogenesis. Some animals, and in rare cases humans, have both male and female reproductive systems. Some hermaphrodites can fertilize themselves, but most must mate with a member of the same species. Please look over these handouts and answer the questions that follow.â

As the other students read through the assignment, Andrea was thinking: âIâm dealing with a case of sexual reproduction that no doubt started with the fertilization of my egg with, hopefully, Xavierâs sperm. at reminds me, I need to make sure I go over internal and external fertilization again in my notes. Iâm not sure I completely understand it.â

All this started the night Xavier had come came over to talk to Andrea about their break-up. He had smelled and looked so good that evening. e events of that night had left Andrea wondering if there was really some truth to that stu about pheromones, which Andrea has learned in her class were chemical signals released by one organism that in uence the behavior of another individual of the same species. Even though Andrea had met someone else and had

âAn Unusual Case of Animal Reproductionâ by Powell and Tillman Page 1

been seeing Neo for a while, she hadnât been able to resist Xavier. Neither she nor Xavier had behaved like themselves that night. It was unlike them not to use some barrier method of contraception. As the class wrapped up, Andreaâs mind was still on her upcoming appearance on a daytime talk show. In some ways she was dreading it; but she was determined to prove what she believed she had known all along: at Xavier was the father of her twins.

Questions

1. What is the di erence between asexual and sexual reproduction?
2. List and de ne some types of asexual reproduction. Give one example of each. 3. What is the di erence between parthenogenesis and hermaphroditism?
4. What is the di erence between internal and external fertilization?
5. What is the function of pheromones?

NATIONAL CENTER FOR CASE STUDY TEACHING IN SCIENCE

âAn Unusual Case of Animal Reproductionâ by Powell and Tillman

Page 2

Part II â The Pregnancy

âI canât believe it has come to this! Airing our dirty laundry on national television. I never thought Xavier would let things get so out of hand.â

It was late and Andrea was so upset she couldnât sleep. She tried studying for the upcoming exam, but she couldnât concentrate. She decided to get an early start on packing. She was so angry with Xavier. How could he have left her pregnant and alone, she thought, as she neatly added her new dress to the bag? How could he think that their babies might belong to someone else? She grabbed her journal, about to add it to the bag, but instead sat in her cozy corner chair and began to read:

January 12, 2007

Iâm pregnant with twins! Sometimes itâs still hard to believe because it was so unexpected. I feel like I am about to pop! I know that Xavier is the father of my babies and I canât wait for us to be a family. But he has doubts about it all because he knows that I met someone else during the brief time that we split up. And he wants to be sure that he is the father before we can move on. But what if it is Neo, the new guy I met? ereâs a slight chance but I doubt it. I know the exact time of conception. It was the night Xavier came over to talk about our relationship. It was a little over a week after that night that the pregnancy test detected the increase in HCG. I guess I just missed him so much.

I do regret that Xavier hasnât been around much during the pregnancy. He has missed the development of our babies. In the past months, I have heard the babiesâ heartbeats and felt them moving around. I wish he would come back because itâs obvious that I am pregnant now. Hopefully we can talk through our di erences and get back together before the pregnancy gets di cultâthe frequent urination and back pain my OB/GYN keeps warning me about. I know there is no way he will ever let me go through labor alone. I only pray the contractions are not more than I can bear. Xavier seems committed to the idea of a paternity test. Hopefully it wonât come to that, but if it does, weâre going to a daytime show to gure all this out.â

âWow! at seems like a lifetime ago,â she thought. âNow we have these beautiful twins and we donât seem any closer to becoming the real family I dreamed about. Well this will all be over in a couple of days. I am 110% con dent that the twins belong to Xavier, not Neo. I canât wait to see the look on Xavierâs face and hear him apologize once he sees the results of the paternity test!â

Questions

1. What does Andrea mean by time of conception?
2. How is HCG used to determine pregnancy?
3. List some changes that occur with the fetus/mother during the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd trimesters. 4. What hormones are responsible for inducing and regulating labor?
5. What trimester is Andrea in during this journal entry?

NATIONAL CENTER FOR CASE STUDY TEACHING IN SCIENCE

âAn Unusual Case of Animal Reproductionâ by Powell and Tillman

Page 3

Part III â The Results

Andrea replayed the words over and over again in her mind: âXavier, you ARE the father!â She was ecstatic. Finally, she could breathe, knowing that Xavier was the father of her babies. en she heard what the host had to say next...

âNeo...YOU ARE the father!â
Andrea looked around in disbelief. She heard herself saying, âWhat do you mean? You just said Xavier was the father!

If Xavier is the father, how can he be the father?â she asked as she pointed toward Neo.

âWell, this is a rst, even for our show. But it appears that your twins were fathered by both of these men.â

âI canât believe it. e rst time I do something like this and I end up with twins and two fathers! Not only did I expose myself to potentially deadly STDs, but now I have two children, whom I have no doubt that I will be raising alone, and I have put my school career in jeopardy,â Andrea thought.

She still couldnât believe this was really happening to her. How was it possible that her TWINS have di erent fathers? What were the events that must have happened within her body that could lead to these circumstances? She grabbed her

journal from her bag and ipped back to the entry describing her feelings the day she found out she was having twins:

August 23, 2006

I just came back from another Drâs appointment. Dr. Blossom informed me that I am having two babiesâ twinsâfraternal. I donât know if they are boys or girls yet. One could be a boy and the other a girl. I still canât believe this has happened. Xavier has to be the father. He has to be! I will have to just play the hand I have dealt myself. How stupid was I? I was going to practice abstinence after Xavier and I broke up...and I certainly wasnât planning on meeting and getting involved with Neo! I canât believe that Neo and I didnât use a condom either. And itâs no excuse that we had been drinking. I just got caught up in the moment with Xavierâgoing down memory lane and things got all sentimental. I could have at least thought to use the rhythm method and kept track of when ovulation may occur. is has to be the most irresponsible thing I have ever done! Why did I stop taking my birth control pills anyway? And I have no idea where I put that diaphragm. Undoubtedly, some people will judge me as the type of woman who should have a tubal ligation that would permanently prevent any pregnancy.

Everything hit her at that very second. She closed her journal and just sat there for a moment. Andrea was reminded that she had stopped taking the pill the month before she became pregnant. She remembered that physicians recommend that a woman wait at least one cycle after she stops taking the pill before becoming pregnant because there is a chance that multiple ovulations may occur. Did it have something to with oogenesis? Andrea was so confused she just couldnât keep things straight in her mind. She thought about it for a minute to let it all sink in.

Andrea sat back and thought about the lecture on animal reproduction the week before. She pulled out her lecture notes on the menstrual cycle, the basic foundation of everything that she was going through.

Questions

1. Describe the two types of cycles that occur in female mammals (menstrual vs. estrous).

2. Compare and contrast the sterilization techniques (vasectomy and tubal ligation) and the temporary and reversible methods discussed in the case.

3. What are the functions of GnRH, FSH, LH, estrogen, and progesterone?

4. How can the paternity results be explained? Your answer should consider the amount of time before and after ovulation a woman is at risk for pregnancy and how long sperm can survive in the reproductive tract. Your discussion may include the following terms: ova, oogenesis, and fertilization, etc.

â¢

Image in title block dervied from licensed image Â© CLIPAREA.comâFotolia.com, ID #21458691. Case copyright held by the National Center for Case Study Teaching in Science, University at Bu alo, State University of New York. Originally published December 8, 2011. Please see our usage guidelines, which outline our policy concerning permissible reproduction of this work.

NATIONAL CENTER FOR CASE STUDY TEACHING IN SCIENCE

âAn Unusual Case of Animal Reproductionâ by Powell and Tillman Page 4

Andreaâs Lecture Notes: The Female Reproductive Cycle

(I) e female reproductive cycle involves both the uterus and the ovaries:

Menstrual cycle = uterine cycle
â¢ Refers to the speci c changes that occur in the uterus

Ovarian cycle
â¢ Cyclic events in the ovaries that regulate the menstrual/uterine cycle

(II) Hypothalamus secretes gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) which stimulates the anterior pituitary to secretefollicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) into the blood. FSH and LH regulate the ovarian cycle.

~OVARIAN CYCLE:

Folicular Phase

FSH and LH stimulate a follicle to grow

e growing follicle releases estrogen

Ovulation

â¢ An LH surge triggers ovulation

Luteal Phase

LH stimulates ruptured follicle to become corpus luteum

Corpus luteum secretes estrogen and progesterone, which inhibits LH and FSH secretion from the pituitary

Corpus luteum disintegrates

Estrogen and progesterone levels decrease, releasing the inhibitory e ect on the hypothalamus and the

pituitary

FSH and LH are released and a new cycle begins

(III) Ovarian hormones, estrogen and progesterone, regulate the uterine (menstrual) cycle ~UTERINE CYCLE:

Proliferative Phase

â¢ increasing estrogen levels causes the uterine lining (endometrium) to thicken: prepares the uterus for

implantation of the blastocyst

Secretory Phase
â¢ increased levels of estrogen and progesterone following ovulation maintains the endometrium by increasing

blood supply and growth of endometrial glands that secretes nutrients

Menstrual Flow Phase
â¢ decreased levels of estrogen and progesterone cause the uterine arteries to spasm, depriving the endometrium

of blood: endometrium disintegrates, resulting in menstruation

Based on the information in the case study, Animal Reproduction, please answer the following questions.

Andrea is pregnant and is trying to calculate the time of conception.What is time of conception and how is it determined?

What are the functions of GnRH, FSH LH, estrogen and progesterone in pregnancy?

Andrea is having twins but the babies have two different fathers.Explain the difference between fraternal and identical twins.Which are these?How could the babies have different fathers?

Case 1 â Jeff Jones is 19 years old. He notices that he has increased urine output, increased appetite, and excessive thirst. He has also experienced unexplained weight loss.

Case 2 â Mr. Thompson is 60 years old and has been unusually tired for several weeks. He occasionally feels dizzy and lately he finds it increasingly difficult to sleep at night. He has swollen ankles and feet and his face looks puffy. He experiences a burning pain in his lower back, just below the rib cage. He also notices that his urine is dark in

color. He goes to see his physician, who finds that he has elevated blood pressure, and that the kidney region is sensitive to pressure.

Case 3 â Ms. Smith is 27 years old and has been experiencing painful and difficult urination (dysuria), frequency of urination and urgency. Her urine has a milky color. She also has fever and malaise, which is evidence of infection. Upon seeking treatment, she is given antibiotic therapy. After a few days on antibiotics, her symptoms disappear.

Case 4 â Normal sample (control)

1. What disorder does Jeff Jones probably has and why do you think it is?

2. What are the terminologies for the given conditions for Jeff Jones?

A. Increased urine output:

B: Increased appetite:

C. Excessive thirst:

3. Why is it important to perform tests on a control urine sample not containing any chemical substances?

4. What is the name of the reagent used to detect protein in the urine?

5. What is the name of the reagent used to detect glucose in the urine?