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Due to global climate change and the increase in CO2 levels and a decrease in water and plants are having to adapt to the changes. For the following question use and cite at least one peer reviewed source for full credit.

1. While the CO2 levels and the temperature increase, the water levels decrease. What effect will this have on the light reactions? and the Calvin cycle?

3. As the climate in certain areas becomes very hot and very dry explain how plants will need to evolve in order to handle the changes. Make sure to talk about their leaves, roots, and stomata.

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Beverley SmithLv2

1 Feb 2019

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2. There are two types of plants, C3 and C4. C3 plants use the Calvin Cycle to generate sugar. C4 plants use phosphoenol pyruvate to make malate and oxaloacetate which will eventually be used to make sugar. Both types of plants have stomatas (openings on leaves that can be opened and closed) for CO2 entry. In addition, water is also lost through the stomata. C3 plants are only able to synthesize sugar at relatively high CO2 levels because photosynthesis will stop when CO2 production from the mitochondria equals the use of CO2 in the chloroplasts. C4 plants are able to continue photosynthesis even at low CO2 levels. (1) Why are C4 plants able to survive in hot, dry conditions when C3 plants are not? (2) Plants can develop cancer but it is usually from an infection not from the ionizing rays of the sun. What part of the photosynthesis pathway do you think protects the plant form sun damage?

5: chloroplast kept in the dark can continue to make sugar is provided with

A: NADPH, CO2, and ADP

B: CO2, and ATP

C: NADPH, ATP, and CO2

D: NADPH and ATP

E: water and ATP

7: C3 plants are more susceptible to photorespiration than either C4 or CAM plants. Why do most plants lack the C4 pathway??

A: Switching between C3, C4, and CAM photosynthesis is very difficult for most plants

B: ?Rubisco is more efficient in C3 plants when compared to rubisco of C4 and CAM plants

C: Most plant species do not have vacuoles in their cells to store the malate generated from CO2 taken in during the night.

D; : Photorespiration is not a serious problem for most plants.?

E: There is an energetic cost to C4 and CAM pathways that only makes them advantageous in very hot and/or arid environments.?

8: In Engelmann's classic experiment, why were the oxygen-requiring bacteria clustered around the regions of Spirogyra algae that were bathed in red, blue, and violet light?

A; The bacteria were immobile and that is where Engelmann happened to place them

.?B; The most energy-rich wavelengths of light are found at the edges of visible and nonvisible light (ultra

violet and infrared)

C; Photosynthesis is most active in those wavelengths of light and thus more oxygen is consumed by the algae in those regions.

D: Photosynthesis is most active in those wavelengths of light and thus more oxygen is produced by the algae in those regions.?

E: : Chlorophyll is green and thus reflects green light.

9: In any experiment, changes to the dependent variable based on the manipulations of the independent variable are measured. When determining the action spectrum of a given plant, what is the independent variable and what is the dependent variable?

A: independent = rate of O2 release in photosynthesis; dependent = wavelength?

B: ?independent = absorption of light; dependent = wavelength

C: independent = wavelength; dependent = rate of O2 release in photosynthesis?

D: independent = wavelength; dependent = absorption of light?

E: independent = rate of O2 release in photosynthesis; dependent = absorption of light

11: In order to elucidate the Calvin cycle, Calvin and his colleagues used two-dimensional paper chromatography to analyze the presence of different molecules under different conditions. What did they conclude from the accumulation of RuBP when CO2 levels were low??

A: CO2 serves as a non-competitive inhibitor of rubisco.

B: RuBP is the last substrate to react in the Calvin cycle.

C: RuBP only reacts with CO2 when concentrations of ATP are low

D: RuBP is the first substrate to react with CO2

E: RuBP only reacts with CO2 in the sunlight

12: Why isn't oxygen produced by organisms that perform anoxygenic photosynthesis?

A; their membranes lack ATP synthase?

B; They use a different enzyme for the initial reactions of the calvin cycle

C: they use electrons donors other than water

D: their photosystem do not utilize the calvin cycle

E: their chorophyll contains an iron rather than magnesium